Unlocking Combinatorial Alkyl-Alkyl Cross-Coupling: A General Approach Enabled by Persistent Nickel-Alkyl Complexes

מושגי ליבה

A general methodology for alkyl-alkyl cross-coupling reactions enabled by the discovery of persistent nickel-alkyl complexes, allowing for the rapid diversification of various organic building blocks.

תקציר

The article presents a novel approach to address the challenge of selective cross-coupling of two alkyl electrophiles in organic synthesis. The key innovation is the discovery of unusually persistent nickel-alkyl complexes that can be formed directly from various alkyl electrophiles, such as alkyl halides, redox-active esters, or pyridinium salts. These nickel-alkyl complexes can be isolated or directly used to couple with a second alkyl electrophile, enabling a combinatorial approach to alkyl-alkyl cross-coupling reactions.

The authors showcase the utility of this synthetic capability by rapidly diversifying a range of organic building blocks, including amino acids, natural products, pharmaceuticals, and drug-like molecules, through dehalogenative, decarboxylative, or deaminative coupling reactions. In addition, the work provides insights into the organometallic chemistry of these synthetically relevant nickel-alkyl complexes through crystallographic analysis, stereochemical probes, and spectroscopic studies.

סטטיסטיקה

The selective cross-coupling of two alkyl electrophiles remains a challenge in organic synthesis.
This methodology enables a combinatorial approach to alkyl-alkyl cross-coupling reactions.
The nickel-alkyl complexes can be formed directly from various alkyl electrophiles, such as alkyl halides, redox-active esters, or pyridinium salts.

ציטוטים

"The selective cross-coupling of two alkyl electrophiles to construct complex molecules remains a challenge in organic synthesis."
"Here we report a general solution to these limitations that enables a combinatorial approach to alkyl-alkyl cross-coupling reactions."
"The utility of this synthetic capability is showcased in the rapid diversification of amino acids, natural products, pharmaceuticals, and drug-like building blocks by various combinations of dehalogenative, decarboxylative, or deaminative coupling."

תובנות מפתח מזוקקות מ:

Reductive alkyl-alkyl coupling from isolable nickel-alkyl complexes - Nature

by Samir Al Zub... ב- www.nature.com 08-29-2024

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07987-9

שאלות מעמיקות

How can this methodology be further expanded to include a wider range of alkyl electrophiles and coupling partners?

To expand this methodology to encompass a broader range of alkyl electrophiles and coupling partners, several strategies can be employed. Firstly, exploring different alkyl halides, redox-active esters, or pyridinium salts as starting materials for the formation of nickel-alkyl complexes can provide access to a wider variety of alkyl groups. Additionally, optimizing reaction conditions such as temperature, solvent, and ligand choice can enhance the reactivity and selectivity of the coupling reactions. Furthermore, investigating the compatibility of different functional groups with the nickel-alkyl complexes can enable the incorporation of diverse coupling partners into the reaction. By systematically exploring these variables and conducting thorough mechanistic studies, the methodology can be fine-tuned to accommodate a more extensive array of alkyl electrophiles and coupling partners.

What are the potential limitations or challenges in scaling up this approach for industrial-scale synthesis?

Scaling up this approach for industrial-scale synthesis may pose several challenges and limitations. One key consideration is the cost and availability of the starting materials, reagents, and catalysts required for the reaction. Developing efficient and cost-effective synthetic routes to access the necessary alkyl halides, redox-active esters, or pyridinium salts on a large scale is crucial for industrial applications. Additionally, ensuring the reproducibility and robustness of the reaction conditions across different batch sizes is essential for consistent product quality and yield. Furthermore, addressing issues related to waste management, byproduct formation, and purification of the final products on a larger scale is critical for the sustainability and practicality of the process. By carefully addressing these challenges through process optimization, engineering solutions, and economic feasibility studies, the methodology can be successfully scaled up for industrial applications.

What other types of organic transformations could benefit from the discovery of these persistent nickel-alkyl complexes, and how might they be leveraged in other areas of organic chemistry?

The discovery of persistent nickel-alkyl complexes opens up new possibilities for various organic transformations beyond alkyl-alkyl coupling reactions. One area that could benefit from these complexes is the functionalization of C–H bonds, where the nickel-alkyl species could serve as key intermediates in C–C or C–heteroatom bond formation. Additionally, the development of new catalytic processes for the synthesis of complex natural products, pharmaceuticals, and agrochemicals could be facilitated by leveraging the reactivity and selectivity of these nickel complexes. Moreover, exploring their potential in asymmetric catalysis for the enantioselective synthesis of chiral compounds could lead to advancements in the field of organic chemistry. By harnessing the unique properties of these nickel-alkyl complexes and understanding their reactivity profiles, researchers can innovate in various areas of organic synthesis and catalysis, paving the way for the discovery of novel transformations and methodologies.