
뇌가 피로할 때 충분한 휴식을 취하지 않으면 전두엽의 특정 영역이 '국소적 수면' 상태에 빠져 자기 통제력, 의사 결정 능력, 감정 조절 능력이 저하될 수 있다.


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When your brain is fatigued, parts of it fall asleep, messing with your emotions and decision-making ability

Brain Study Reveals Why ‘Sleep on It’ is Great Advice

뇌파-연구-결과-왜-한숨-자고-나서-결정하라-는-말이-최고의-조언인지-밝혀지다


뇌파 연구 결과: 왜 '한숨 자고 나서 결정하라'는 말이 최고의 조언인지 밝혀지다


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시상 내측핵은 피질-피질 연결성의 다중 척도 구조적 및 기능적 조직화를 반영하며, 이는 주요 신경전달물질 시스템의 점진적 발현 변화와 연관된다.


The pulvinar, the largest nucleus in the human thalamus, is a complex, highly interconnected structure. Through a dense, organized network of cortical and subcortical areas, it provides adequate cooperation between neural systems, which is crucial for multiple high-order functions such as perception, visuospatial attention, and emotional processing. Such a central role is made possible by a precise internal topographical organization, which is mirrored by anatomical connections as well as by the expression of neurochemical markers. While being traditionally subdivided into sub-nuclei, each characterized by distinct connectional and morphological features, recent studies in both primate and human brains have highlighted that this topographical organization only marginally aligns with the conventional histological subdivision. Instead, it has been delineated in the context of continuous gradients of cortical connections along the dorsoventral and mediolateral axes. While this multi-gradient organization has been extensively documented in primate models, it remains relatively underexplored in the human brain. The present work combines high-quality, multi-modal structural and functional imaging data with a recently published whole-brain, large-scale, positron emission tomography (PET) atlas detailing 19 neurotransmitters and receptors distributed across the human brain. By applying diffusion embedding analysis to tractography, functional connectivity, and receptor coexpression data, we identify and characterize multiple topographically organized gradients of structural connections, functional coactivation, and molecular binding patterns. We demonstrate that such gradients converge on a shared representation along the dorsoventral and mediolateral axes of the human pulvinar. This representation aligns with transitions in both structural and functional connectivity, spanning from lower-level to higher-order cortical regions. Moreover, it is paralleled by gradual changes in the expression of molecular markers associated with key neuromodulator systems, including serotoninergic, noradrenergic, dopaminergic, and opioid systems. We contend that our findings mark a significant stride towards a more comprehensive understanding of pulvinar anatomy and function, providing a nuanced characterization of its role in health and disease.

### Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

The replication principle revisited: a shared functional organization between pulvinar-cortical and cortico-cortical connectivity and its structural and molecular imaging correlates

인간-시상-내측핵의-다중-척도-구조-조직화-피질-시상-및-피질-피질-연결성의-공유된-기능적-조직화와-그-구조적-및-분자적-영상-상관관계


인간 시상 내측핵의 다중 척도 구조 조직화: 피질-시상 및 피질-피질 연결성의 공유된 기능적 조직화와 그 구조적 및 분자적 영상 상관관계



β1 아드레날린 수용체 억제는 제브라피시에서 태아기 및 성체 뇌혈관 해면상 기형 발생을 현저히 감소시킨다.


Propranolol reduces experimental murine cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) and prevents embryonic caudal venous plexus (CVP) lesions in zebrafish that follow mosaic inactivation of ccm2 . Because morpholino silencing of the β1 adrenergic receptor ( adrb1 ) prevents the embryonic CVP lesion, we proposed that adrb1 plays a role in CCM pathogenesis. Here we report that adrb1-/- zebrafish exhibited 86% fewer CVP lesions and 87% reduction of CCM lesion volume relative to wild type brood mates at 2dpf and 8-10 weeks stage, respectively. Treatment with metoprolol, a β1 selective antagonist, yielded a similar reduction in CCM lesion volume. Adrb1-/- zebrafish embryos exhibited reduced heart rate and contractility and reduced CVP blood flow. Similarly, slowing the heart and eliminating the blood flow in CVP by administration of 2,3-BDM suppressed the CVP lesion. In sum, our findings provide genetic and pharmacological evidence that the therapeutic effect of propranolol on CCM is achieved through β1 receptor antagonism.

### Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Genetic Inactivation of the β1 adrenergic receptor prevents Cerebral Cavernous Malformations in zebrafish

유전자-불활성화를-통한-β1-아드레날린-수용체-억제가-제브라피시에서-뇌혈관-해면상-기형-발생을-예방한다


유전자 불활성화를 통한 β1 아드레날린 수용체 억제가 제브라피시에서 뇌혈관 해면상 기형 발생을 예방한다



자폐 스펙트럼 장애 아동과 일반 아동의 알파 진동 발달 궤적에 차이가 있으며, 나이에 따른 알파 진동의 변화 양상을 혼합 구성원 모형을 통해 분석할 수 있다.


나이에-따른-자폐-스펙트럼-장애-아동의-알파-진동-특성-분석


나이에 따른 자폐 스펙트럼 장애 아동의 알파 진동 특성 분석



본 연구는 MRI 기반 신경영상 데이터를 활용하여 성인 전 생애에 걸친 정상 뇌 구조 특징을 모사하는 생성 모델을 제안하고, 이를 통해 18,000개의 합성 데이터셋을 제공한다.


합성-mri-기반-신경영상-특징-생성-모델-및-18-000개-샘플-데이터셋


합성 MRI 기반 신경영상 특징 생성 모델 및 18,000개 샘플 데이터셋



드로소필라는 상황에 따라 두 가지 다른 메커니즘을 사용하여 보행을 적절히 정지시킨다.


Two halting mechanisms, ‘walk-OFF’ and ‘brake’, are shown to be engaged by distinct neural circuits in Drosophila, in a context dependent manner.

Neural circuit mechanisms underlying context-specific halting in Drosophila - Nature

드로소필라의-상황별-정지-메커니즘에-대한-신경회로-기전


드로소필라의 상황별 정지 메커니즘에 대한 신경회로 기전



PV 뉴런은 칼슘 투과성 AMPA 수용체를 발현하여 낮은 특징 선택성을 나타내며, 이를 칼슘 불투과성 AMPA 수용체로 대체하면 선택성이 증가한다.


Calcium-permeable AMPA receptors are identified to have a role in maintaining low feature selectivity in a specific population of inhibitory interneurons, and this function is conserved across ferrets, rodents, marmosets and humans.

Calcium-permeable AMPA receptors govern PV neuron feature selectivity - Nature

칼슘-투과성-ampa-수용체가-pv-뉴런의-특징-선택성을-결정한다


칼슘 투과성 AMPA 수용체가 PV 뉴런의 특징 선택성을 결정한다



드로소필라 메라노가스터의 시각 경로 내 신경세포 간 연결성 재구성을 통해 내비게이션에 활용되는 시각 정보 특징을 예측하고 일부를 실험적으로 확인하였다.


Electron-microscopy data are used to reconstruct the neurons that make up the anterior visual pathway in the Drosophila brain, providing insight into how visual features are encoded to guide navigation.

Connectomic reconstruction predicts visual features used for navigation - Nature

시각-정보를-이용한-내비게이션을-위한-연결성-재구성-예측


시각 정보를 이용한 내비게이션을 위한 연결성 재구성 예측



마우스는 고양이 침 내 포식자 신호의 신선도에 따라 방어 행동의 강도를 조절한다. 이는 후각 보조 경로를 통해 처리되며, 특정 수용체 그룹과 시상하부 신경 회로의 차별적 활성화에 의해 조절된다.


Animals have the innate ability to select optimal defensive behaviors with appropriate intensity in response to predator threats within specific contexts. Such innate behavioral decisions are thought to be computed in the medial hypothalamic nuclei, which contain neural populations that directly control defensive behavioral outputs. The vomeronasal organ (VNO) serves as a primary sensory channel for detecting predator cues by relaying signals to the medial hypothalamic nuclei, particularly the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), via the medial amygdala (MeA) and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST). Here, we demonstrate that cat saliva contains predator cues that signal the imminence of predator threat and modulate the intensity of freezing behavior through the VNO in mice. Cat saliva activates neurons expressing the V2R-A4 subfamily of sensory receptors, suggesting that specific receptor groups are responsible for inducing the freezing behavior. The number of VNO neurons activated in response to saliva correlates with both the freshness of saliva and the intensity of freezing behavior. In contrast, the downstream neurons in the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB) and the defensive behavioral circuit are activated to a similar extent by fresh and old saliva. Strikingly, however, the number of VMH neurons activated by fresh, but not old, saliva positively correlates with the intensity of freezing behavior. Detailed analysis of the spatial distribution of neurons responding to fresh and old saliva, as well as the overlap of those activated within the same individual mice, revealed that fresh and old saliva predominantly activate distinct neuronal populations within the VMH. Collectively, this study suggests that there is an accessory olfactory circuit in mice that is specifically tuned to time-sensitive components of cat saliva, which optimizes their defensive behavior to maximize their chance of survival according to the imminence of threat.

### Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Hypothalamic representation of the imminence of predator threat detected by the vomeronasal organ in mice

고양이-침-내-포식자-위협-신호의-시간-의존적-탐지가-마우스의-방어-행동을-조절한다


고양이 침 내 포식자 위협 신호의 시간 의존적 탐지가 마우스의 방어 행동을 조절한다



이 논문은 신경현상학을 수학적으로 모델링하여 주관적 경험과 객관적 뇌 활동 사이의 관계를 설명하고자 한다. 베이지안 역학과 능동 추론 프레임워크를 활용하여 경험의 내용을 신념(확률 분포)으로 정의하고, 이를 바탕으로 경험의 특성과 경험-뇌 활동 간 생성적 관계를 수학적으로 분석한다.


신경현상학에-대한-수학적-관점


신경현상학에 대한 수학적 관점
