spostrzeżenie - Natural Language Processing - # Automatic Keyphrase Generation and Filtering

Leveraging Text-to-Text Transfer Transformer (T5) for Automatic Keyphrase Generation and Filtering

Q: How could the proposed models be extended to handle multi-lingual or multi-modal (text and images) keyphrase generation tasks?

To extend the proposed models for multi-lingual keyphrase generation, the T5 architecture could be fine-tuned on multilingual datasets, such as the mC4 corpus, which contains text in multiple languages. This would involve adapting the input format to accommodate different languages while ensuring that the model can generate keyphrases that are contextually relevant across various linguistic structures. Additionally, leveraging transfer learning techniques could allow the model to benefit from pre-trained multilingual embeddings, enhancing its ability to understand and generate keyphrases in languages with limited training data. For multi-modal keyphrase generation, where both text and images are involved, the model could be adapted to process visual information alongside textual data. This could be achieved by integrating a vision transformer (ViT) or a convolutional neural network (CNN) to extract features from images, which would then be combined with the textual features from the T5 model. The input to the model could consist of a concatenation of the image features and the text (e.g., title and abstract), allowing the model to generate keyphrases that encapsulate the content of both modalities. This approach would enhance the model's capability to produce comprehensive keyphrases that reflect the full context of the documents, thereby improving its utility in diverse applications such as academic research and content summarization.

Q: What are the potential biases or limitations of the datasets used in this study, and how might they affect the generalizability of the models?

The datasets utilized in this study, such as KP20k, MAG, and KPTimes, may exhibit several biases and limitations that could impact the generalizability of the models. One significant concern is the potential for selection bias, as these datasets predominantly consist of documents from specific domains (e.g., computer science, biomedical literature, and news articles). This could lead to a lack of diversity in the keyphrases generated, as the models may not perform well on documents from underrepresented fields or genres. Additionally, the annotation process for keyphrases can introduce human biases, as the annotators' perspectives and expertise may influence the selection of keyphrases. This could result in a skewed representation of what constitutes relevant keyphrases, potentially limiting the model's ability to generalize to other contexts or domains where different keyphrases might be deemed important. Furthermore, the datasets may not adequately represent the linguistic diversity present in global literature, which could hinder the model's performance in multi-lingual contexts. The absence of diverse linguistic structures and cultural contexts in the training data may lead to models that are less effective in generating keyphrases for documents written in languages or styles that differ from those in the training datasets. To mitigate these biases, it would be beneficial to incorporate a wider variety of datasets that encompass different domains, languages, and annotation styles. This would enhance the robustness of the models and improve their applicability across various contexts.

Q: Could the keyphrase filtering model be further improved by incorporating additional features, such as semantic or contextual information, beyond the keyphrase-document pairs?

Yes, the keyphrase filtering model could be significantly enhanced by integrating additional features that capture semantic and contextual information beyond the basic keyphrase-document pairs. One approach would be to utilize embeddings from pre-trained language models, such as BERT or Sentence-BERT, to represent both the keyphrases and the documents in a high-dimensional semantic space. This would allow the model to assess the relevance of keyphrases based on their semantic similarity to the document content, rather than relying solely on surface-level matches. Incorporating contextual information, such as the document's topic, genre, or intended audience, could also improve the filtering process. For instance, using metadata associated with the documents (e.g., publication date, author information, or source) could help the model better understand the context in which the keyphrases are being evaluated. This contextual awareness could lead to more accurate filtering decisions, as the model would be able to discern which keyphrases are more likely to be relevant based on the specific characteristics of the document. Additionally, employing techniques such as attention mechanisms could allow the model to focus on specific parts of the document that are most relevant to the keyphrases being evaluated. This would enhance the model's ability to filter out irrelevant keyphrases that may not align with the core content of the document. Overall, by incorporating these advanced features, the keyphrase filtering model could achieve higher accuracy in identifying relevant keyphrases, thereby improving the overall quality of the keyphrase generation process.

Główne pojęcia

This paper presents a keyphrase generation model based on the Text-to-Text Transfer Transformer (T5) architecture, which can generate keyphrases that adequately define a document's content, including those not present in the original text. The authors also introduce a novel keyphrase filtering technique based on the T5 architecture to eliminate irrelevant keyphrases.

Streszczenie

The paper focuses on the task of automatic keyphrase labelling, which involves retrieving words or short phrases that adequately describe a document's content. Previous work has explored extractive techniques to address this task, but these methods are limited to identifying keyphrases present in the input text. To overcome this limitation, the authors propose a keyphrase generation model based on the T5 architecture, named docT5keywords.

The authors explore two main approaches:

Keyphrase Generation:
- The docT5keywords model is fine-tuned on a text-to-text task, where the input is the document's title and abstract, and the output is the set of keyphrases.
- The authors evaluate two fine-tuning strategies: one using the t5-base model and another using the flan-t5-base model.
- They also investigate the impact of a majority voting inference approach, where multiple keyphrase sequences are generated, and the keyphrases are ranked based on their frequency of occurrence.
Keyphrase Filtering:
- The authors introduce a novel keyphrase filtering model, keyFilT5r, which is also based on the T5 architecture.
- The filtering model is fine-tuned to learn whether a given keyphrase is relevant to a document, using both soft (based on keyphrase co-occurrence) and hard (based on generated keyphrases) negative examples.
- The filtering model is evaluated in two ways: 1) a binary evaluation to measure its accuracy in identifying relevant keyphrases, and 2) by filtering the predicted keyphrases of other models and checking if the evaluation scores improve.

The experimental results demonstrate that the docT5keywords model significantly outperforms various baselines, including supervised and unsupervised keyphrase extraction and generation models. The proposed keyphrase filtering technique also achieves near-perfect accuracy in eliminating false positives across all datasets.

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arxiv.org

Statystyki

The paper uses several datasets for evaluation, including Inspec, KP20k, KP-BioMed, MAG, and KPTimes. The datasets vary in size, domain, and the type of keyphrase annotation (e.g., author-provided, semi-automatic).

Cytaty

"Automatic keyphrase labelling stands for the ability of models to retrieve words or short phrases that adequately describe documents' content."
"Given this limitation, keyphrase generation approaches have arisen lately."
"One indicator of the reliance on keyphrases in academic search and recommendation is that publishers often ask authors to label their publications with keyphrases manually."

Kluczowe wnioski z

Enhancing Automatic Keyphrase Labelling with Text-to-Text Transfer Transformer (T5) Architecture: A Framework for Keyphrase Generation and Filtering

by Jorg... o arxiv.org 09-26-2024

https://arxiv.org/pdf/2409.16760.pdf

Enhancing Automatic Keyphrase Labelling with Text-to-Text Transfer Transformer (T5) Architecture: A Framework for Keyphrase Generation and Filtering

Głębsze pytania

How could the proposed models be extended to handle multi-lingual or multi-modal (text and images) keyphrase generation tasks?

To extend the proposed models for multi-lingual keyphrase generation, the T5 architecture could be fine-tuned on multilingual datasets, such as the mC4 corpus, which contains text in multiple languages. This would involve adapting the input format to accommodate different languages while ensuring that the model can generate keyphrases that are contextually relevant across various linguistic structures. Additionally, leveraging transfer learning techniques could allow the model to benefit from pre-trained multilingual embeddings, enhancing its ability to understand and generate keyphrases in languages with limited training data.
For multi-modal keyphrase generation, where both text and images are involved, the model could be adapted to process visual information alongside textual data. This could be achieved by integrating a vision transformer (ViT) or a convolutional neural network (CNN) to extract features from images, which would then be combined with the textual features from the T5 model. The input to the model could consist of a concatenation of the image features and the text (e.g., title and abstract), allowing the model to generate keyphrases that encapsulate the content of both modalities. This approach would enhance the model's capability to produce comprehensive keyphrases that reflect the full context of the documents, thereby improving its utility in diverse applications such as academic research and content summarization.

What are the potential biases or limitations of the datasets used in this study, and how might they affect the generalizability of the models?

The datasets utilized in this study, such as KP20k, MAG, and KPTimes, may exhibit several biases and limitations that could impact the generalizability of the models. One significant concern is the potential for selection bias, as these datasets predominantly consist of documents from specific domains (e.g., computer science, biomedical literature, and news articles). This could lead to a lack of diversity in the keyphrases generated, as the models may not perform well on documents from underrepresented fields or genres.
Additionally, the annotation process for keyphrases can introduce human biases, as the annotators' perspectives and expertise may influence the selection of keyphrases. This could result in a skewed representation of what constitutes relevant keyphrases, potentially limiting the model's ability to generalize to other contexts or domains where different keyphrases might be deemed important.
Furthermore, the datasets may not adequately represent the linguistic diversity present in global literature, which could hinder the model's performance in multi-lingual contexts. The absence of diverse linguistic structures and cultural contexts in the training data may lead to models that are less effective in generating keyphrases for documents written in languages or styles that differ from those in the training datasets.
To mitigate these biases, it would be beneficial to incorporate a wider variety of datasets that encompass different domains, languages, and annotation styles. This would enhance the robustness of the models and improve their applicability across various contexts.

Could the keyphrase filtering model be further improved by incorporating additional features, such as semantic or contextual information, beyond the keyphrase-document pairs?

Yes, the keyphrase filtering model could be significantly enhanced by integrating additional features that capture semantic and contextual information beyond the basic keyphrase-document pairs. One approach would be to utilize embeddings from pre-trained language models, such as BERT or Sentence-BERT, to represent both the keyphrases and the documents in a high-dimensional semantic space. This would allow the model to assess the relevance of keyphrases based on their semantic similarity to the document content, rather than relying solely on surface-level matches.
Incorporating contextual information, such as the document's topic, genre, or intended audience, could also improve the filtering process. For instance, using metadata associated with the documents (e.g., publication date, author information, or source) could help the model better understand the context in which the keyphrases are being evaluated. This contextual awareness could lead to more accurate filtering decisions, as the model would be able to discern which keyphrases are more likely to be relevant based on the specific characteristics of the document.
Additionally, employing techniques such as attention mechanisms could allow the model to focus on specific parts of the document that are most relevant to the keyphrases being evaluated. This would enhance the model's ability to filter out irrelevant keyphrases that may not align with the core content of the document.
Overall, by incorporating these advanced features, the keyphrase filtering model could achieve higher accuracy in identifying relevant keyphrases, thereby improving the overall quality of the keyphrase generation process.