This article explores the theory and computation of substructure characteristic modes using a scattering matrix-based formulation. It introduces a novel approach that broadens the application scope to include arbitrary electromagnetic solvers, enabling advanced applications with arbitrary material distributions. The content is organized into sections discussing the introduction, scattering formulation, equivalence between different methods, and practical applications. The paper concludes by highlighting the potential impact of background objects on modal performance and the efficiency of the proposed method in analyzing antennas and scatterers in complex material environments.
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