Three-Dimensional Particle-in-Cell Simulations of Magnetorotational Instability Turbulence in Collisionless Accretion Flows with Realistic Proton-to-Electron Mass Ratio

This research utilizes 3D particle-in-cell simulations to investigate energy partition in collisionless accretion flows driven by magnetorotational instability (MRI) turbulence, revealing that ions are nonthermally heated alongside electrons and proposing a new formula for the ion-to-electron heating ratio applicable to general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (GRMHD) models of black hole accretion.