
반대 조건화(CC)는 공포 기억 소멸에 있어 기존의 소멸 학습과는 다른 신경학적 메커니즘을 활용하며, 특히 뇌의 보상 시스템과 관련된 영역을 활성화하여 더욱 지속적인 공포 감소 효과를 가져온다.


coremsg

Counterconditioning (CC) aims to enhance extinction of threat memories by establishing new associations of opposite valence. While its underlying neurocognitive mechanisms remain largely unexplored, previous studies suggest qualitatively different mechanisms from regular extinction. In this functional MRI study, participants underwent categorical threat conditioning (CS+/CS-: images of animals/tools), followed by either CC (CS+ images reinforced with monetary rewards, n=24) or regular extinction (n=24). The following day, we assessed spontaneous recovery of threat responses and episodic memory for CS+ and CS- category exemplars. While the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) was activated during regular extinction, participants undergoing CC showed persistent CS+- specific deactivation of the vmPFC and hippocampus, and CS+-specific activation of the nucleus accumbens (NAcc). The following day, physiological threat responses returned in the regular extinction group, but not in the CC group. Counterconditioning furthermore strengthened episodic memory for CS+ exemplars presented during CC, and retroactively also for CS+ exemplars presented during the threat conditioning phase. Our findings confirm that CC leads to more persistent extinction of threat memories, as well as altered consolidation of the threat conditioning episode. Crucially, we show a qualitatively different activation pattern during CC versus regular extinction, with a shift away from the vmPFC and towards the NAcc.

### Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Unravelling the neurocognitive mechanisms underlying counterconditioning in humans

인간의-반대-조건화에-관여하는-신경-인지-메커니즘-규명-fmri-연구를-통한-공포-기억-소멸과-긍정적-연합-학습-비교


인간의 반대 조건화에 관여하는 신경 인지 메커니즘 규명: fMRI 연구를 통한 공포 기억 소멸과 긍정적 연합 학습 비교


title_rewrite


恐怖記憶の消去において、従来の消去法に比べ、対抗条件づけは扁桃体-腹側線条体経路を活性化させることで、より効果的に恐怖反応の回復を抑制する。


恐怖記憶の消去における対抗条件づけ-ヒトを対象とした神経認知メカニズムの解明


恐怖記憶の消去における対抗条件づけ：ヒトを対象とした神経認知メカニズムの解明



Counterconditioning (CC), which involves pairing a conditioned stimulus with a rewarding stimulus, is more effective than extinction in reducing threat responses and involves distinct neural mechanisms, including deactivation of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and activation of the nucleus accumbens (NAcc).


counterconditioning-in-humans-a-neurocognitive-fmri-study


Counterconditioning in Humans: A Neurocognitive fMRI Study



ACT(수용 및 헌신 치료) 프레임워크를 통해 스트레스에 대처하는 방법을 소개하고, 감정 수용과 헌신적인 행동을 통해 심리적 유연성과 강점을 개발하는 방법을 제시합니다.


Coping with Stress

스트레스-해소-act-프레임워크-활용-저자-경험-기반-


스트레스 해소: ACT 프레임워크 활용 (저자 경험 기반)



The ACT framework, emphasizing emotional acceptance and committed action, offers a potentially effective approach to managing various stress-related challenges.


coping-with-stress-using-the-acceptance-and-commitment-therapy-act-framework-


Coping with Stress Using the Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) Framework



Undetected and untreated ADHD can have a profound impact on an individual's life, leading to feelings of difference and difficulty coping, highlighting the importance of accurate diagnosis and support.


The Six Invisible ADHD Symptoms I Missed for Years

living-with-undiagnosed-adhd-the-invisible-symptoms-i-missed-for-20-years


Living with Undiagnosed ADHD: The Invisible Symptoms I Missed for 20 Years



催產素可以透過影響人們對道德情境的理解，進而促進利他行為，尤其是在損失情境下。


An intriguing advancement in recent moral decision-making research suggests that people are more willing to sacrifice monetary gains to spare others from suffering than to spare themselves, yielding a hyperaltruistic tendency. Other studies, however, indicate an opposite egoistic bias in that subjects are less willing to harm themselves for the benefits of others than for their own benefits. These results highlight the delicate inner workings of moral decision and call for a mechanistic account of hyperaltruistic preference. We investigated the boundary conditions of hyperaltruism by presenting subjects with trade-off choices combing monetary gains and painful electric shocks, or, choices combing monetary losses and shocks. We first showed in study 1 that switching the decision context from gains to losses effectively eliminated the hyperaltruistic preference and the decision context effect was associated with the altered relationship between subjects’ instrumental harm (IH) trait attitudes and their relative pain sensitivities. In the pre-registered study 2, we tested whether oxytocin, a neuropeptide linked to parochial altruism, might salvage the context-dependent hyperaltruistic preference. We found that oxytocin increased subjects’ reported levels of framing the task as harming (vs. helping) others, which mediated the correlation between IH and relative pain sensitivities. Thus, the loss decision context and oxytocin nullified and restored the mediation effect of subjective harm framing, respectively. Our results help to elucidate the psychological processes underpinning the contextual specificity of hyperaltruism and carry implications in promoting prosocial interactions in our society.

### Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Oxytocin salvages context-specific hyperaltruistic preference through moral framing

催產素透過道德框架挽救了特定情境下的利他偏好


인간의 초이타주의적 행동은 맥락에 따라 달라지며, 옥시토신은 손실 상황에서도 타인의 고통에 대한 민감성을 높여 초이타주의적 선호도를 회복시키는 역할을 한다.


옥시토신-도덕적-프레이밍을-통해-맥락-특정적-초이타주의적-선호도를-회복시키다


옥시토신, 도덕적 프레이밍을 통해 맥락 특정적 초이타주의적 선호도를 회복시키다



人間の意思決定における超利他主義的な傾向は、文脈特異的であり、損失の状況では減少するが、オキシトシンはこの影響を緩和し、他者を害するという認識を高めることで、損失の状況でも超利他主義を回復させる。


オキシトシンは-道徳的フレーミングを通じて文脈特異的な超利他的選好を回復させる


オキシトシンは、道徳的フレーミングを通じて文脈特異的な超利他的選好を回復させる



Hyperaltruistic preference, the tendency to prioritize others' welfare over one's own, is significantly influenced by decision context and modulated by oxytocin through its impact on moral framing.


the-influence-of-oxytocin-and-moral-framing-on-hyperaltruistic-behavior-in-different-decision-contexts


The Influence of Oxytocin and Moral Framing on Hyperaltruistic Behavior in Different Decision Contexts
