Granular Ball Random Vector Functional Link (GB-RVFL) and Graph Embedded Granular Ball Random Vector Functional Link (GE-GB-RVFL) Models: Enhancing Scalability, Robustness, and Geometric Structure Preservation

The proposed GB-RVFL and GE-GB-RVFL models leverage granular balls as inputs to enhance scalability and robustness against noise and outliers, while the GE-GB-RVFL model also preserves the intrinsic geometric structure of the dataset.