Idée - Power system analysis - # Sensor placement for voltage violation detection

Sensor Placement for Detecting Voltage Violations in Distribution Systems

Q: How can the proposed sensor placement approach be extended to handle uncertainties in the power injection ranges or network parameters

The proposed sensor placement approach can be extended to handle uncertainties in the power injection ranges or network parameters by incorporating robust optimization techniques. Robust optimization allows for the consideration of uncertainties in the system parameters, such as variations in power injections from distributed energy resources (DERs) or changes in network configurations. By formulating the sensor placement problem as a robust optimization problem, the objective would be to find sensor locations and alarm thresholds that are robust to these uncertainties. This can be achieved by optimizing the sensor placement strategy to ensure that voltage violations are detected under various scenarios of power injection variability or parameter uncertainties.

Q: What are the potential limitations of the conservative linear approximations used in the lower-level problem, and how can their accuracy be further improved

The conservative linear approximations used in the lower-level problem may have limitations in accurately capturing the behavior of the power system under all conditions. One potential limitation is the conservativeness of the approximations, which may lead to an increased number of false positive alarms. To improve their accuracy, one approach could be to refine the CLAs by incorporating more detailed information about the system components and their behaviors. This could involve refining the regression models used to compute the CLAs, considering additional factors that influence voltage magnitudes, or incorporating feedback mechanisms to adjust the approximations based on real-time data. Additionally, sensitivity analysis and validation studies can be conducted to assess the accuracy and reliability of the CLAs under different operating conditions.

Q: How can the sensor placement strategy be integrated with real-time voltage control schemes to ensure reliable operation of the distribution system

The sensor placement strategy can be integrated with real-time voltage control schemes to ensure reliable operation of the distribution system by establishing a closed-loop control system. The sensor data collected from the strategically placed sensors can be used as feedback signals for the voltage control algorithms. By continuously monitoring the voltage magnitudes at critical locations identified by the sensor placement strategy, the control system can dynamically adjust voltage control settings, such as reactive power injections from DERs or tap settings of voltage regulators, to maintain voltage stability and within acceptable limits. This real-time control mechanism can respond to changing system conditions and disturbances, ensuring that voltage violations are promptly detected and mitigated to maintain system reliability and stability. Additionally, advanced control strategies, such as model predictive control or reinforcement learning, can be employed to optimize the voltage control actions based on the sensor data and system dynamics.

Concepts de base

The core message of this article is to formulate a bilevel optimization problem that minimizes the number of sensors needed to detect all possible violations of voltage magnitude limits in an electric distribution system.

Résumé

The article presents a bilevel optimization formulation for a sensor placement problem in electric distribution systems. The goal is to identify the minimum number of sensor locations and corresponding alarm thresholds that can reliably detect all possible violations of voltage magnitude limits.

The key highlights and insights are:

The bilevel optimization problem has an upper-level problem that minimizes the number of sensors and sensor alarm thresholds, and a lower-level problem that computes the most extreme achievable voltages given the sensor locations and thresholds.
To address the computational challenges from the nonlinear power flow equations in the lower-level problem, the authors employ conservative linear approximations (CLAs) of the power flow equations. This allows the lower-level problem to be formulated as a linear program.
The authors propose several reformulation techniques to convert the bilevel problem into a single-level optimization problem, including a duality-based approach and a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) formulation.
A post-processing approximate gradient descent method is developed to further improve the solution quality by adjusting the sensor thresholds to reduce false positive alarms.
Numerical tests on several distribution system test cases demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed sensor placement approach in identifying a small number of critical sensor locations that can reliably detect all voltage violations with minimal false alarms.
The authors also show how their approach can handle multiple network configurations, where certain lines can be opened or closed without isolating any nodes.

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Stats

The active and reactive power injections at each bus are allowed to vary within 50% to 150% of the nominal load demand values.
The lower voltage limits are 0.90, 0.91, and 0.92 per unit for the 10-bus, 33-bus, and 141-bus test cases, respectively.

Citations

"To mitigate the impacts of violations, distribution system operators (DSOs) must identify when power injection fluctuations lead to voltages exceeding their limits."
"We formulate this sensor placement problem as a bilevel optimization with an upper level that minimizes the number of sensors and chooses sensor alarm thresholds and a lower level that computes the most extreme voltage magnitudes within given ranges of power injection variability."
"By using these linear approximations as the first step, we are able to treat the power flow solver as a black-box. Consequently, all complexities of component behavior and power flow physics are absorbed by the power flow solver and the complexity of the resulting sensor placement formulation remains unaffected."

Idées clés tirées de

A Data-Driven Sensor Placement Approach for Detecting Voltage Violations in Distribution Systems

by Paprapee Bua... à arxiv.org 04-09-2024

https://arxiv.org/pdf/2210.09414.pdf

A Data-Driven Sensor Placement Approach for Detecting Voltage Violations in Distribution Systems

Questions plus approfondies

How can the proposed sensor placement approach be extended to handle uncertainties in the power injection ranges or network parameters

The proposed sensor placement approach can be extended to handle uncertainties in the power injection ranges or network parameters by incorporating robust optimization techniques. Robust optimization allows for the consideration of uncertainties in the system parameters, such as variations in power injections from distributed energy resources (DERs) or changes in network configurations. By formulating the sensor placement problem as a robust optimization problem, the objective would be to find sensor locations and alarm thresholds that are robust to these uncertainties. This can be achieved by optimizing the sensor placement strategy to ensure that voltage violations are detected under various scenarios of power injection variability or parameter uncertainties.

What are the potential limitations of the conservative linear approximations used in the lower-level problem, and how can their accuracy be further improved

The conservative linear approximations used in the lower-level problem may have limitations in accurately capturing the behavior of the power system under all conditions. One potential limitation is the conservativeness of the approximations, which may lead to an increased number of false positive alarms. To improve their accuracy, one approach could be to refine the CLAs by incorporating more detailed information about the system components and their behaviors. This could involve refining the regression models used to compute the CLAs, considering additional factors that influence voltage magnitudes, or incorporating feedback mechanisms to adjust the approximations based on real-time data. Additionally, sensitivity analysis and validation studies can be conducted to assess the accuracy and reliability of the CLAs under different operating conditions.

How can the sensor placement strategy be integrated with real-time voltage control schemes to ensure reliable operation of the distribution system

The sensor placement strategy can be integrated with real-time voltage control schemes to ensure reliable operation of the distribution system by establishing a closed-loop control system. The sensor data collected from the strategically placed sensors can be used as feedback signals for the voltage control algorithms. By continuously monitoring the voltage magnitudes at critical locations identified by the sensor placement strategy, the control system can dynamically adjust voltage control settings, such as reactive power injections from DERs or tap settings of voltage regulators, to maintain voltage stability and within acceptable limits. This real-time control mechanism can respond to changing system conditions and disturbances, ensuring that voltage violations are promptly detected and mitigated to maintain system reliability and stability. Additionally, advanced control strategies, such as model predictive control or reinforcement learning, can be employed to optimize the voltage control actions based on the sensor data and system dynamics.