Approximating Koopman and Perron-Frobenius Operators from Data: Convergence Rates and Error Bounds

מושגי ליבה

This work introduces a unified framework for data-driven approximation of linear operators associated with dynamical systems, such as the Koopman and Perron-Frobenius operators and their generators. The authors prove convergence of the approximations to the true operators under minimal assumptions, and derive explicit convergence rates and error bounds, accounting for the presence of noise in the observations.

תקציר

The key points of this work are:

Introduction of a general framework for data-driven approximation of linear operators associated with dynamical systems, which subsumes methods like EDMD and gEDMD as special cases.

Proof of almost sure convergence of the data-driven approximation to the projection of the true operator onto the finite-dimensional space spanned by the basis functions, as the number of data points goes to infinity.

Proof of convergence of the data-driven approximation to the true operator as the number of basis functions goes to infinity, along with explicit convergence rates and error bounds.

Extension of the analysis to the case where the data is corrupted by noise.

Numerical experiments verifying the theoretical results.

The authors work under minimal assumptions, requiring only the linear independence of the basis functions, their continuity, and the i.i.d. sampling of the data points. This allows the framework to be applied to a wide range of dynamical systems and operator approximation problems.

סטטיסטיקה

The data-driven approximation b
ANM minimizes the empirical error ||b
CNM - b
A⊤b
GNM||F.
The empirical Gram matrix b
GNM and structure matrix b
CNM converge almost surely to their population counterparts GN and CN as the number of data points M goes to infinity.
The projection error ||ANPDN f - Af||F converges to 0 as the number of basis functions N goes to infinity, with a rate depending on the approximation properties of the basis functions.

ציטוטים

"Our key contributions are proofs of the convergence of the approximating operator and its spectrum under non-restrictive conditions."
"We derive explicit convergence rates and account for the presence of noise in the observations."

תובנות מפתח מזוקקות מ:

Data-driven approximation of Koopman operators and generators: Convergence rates and error bounds

by Liam Llamaza... ב- arxiv.org 05-02-2024

https://arxiv.org/pdf/2405.00539.pdf

שאלות מעמיקות

How can the framework be extended to handle non-i.i.d. data or data from multiple trajectories

To extend the framework to handle non-i.i.d. data or data from multiple trajectories, we need to consider the dependence structure between the data points. In the context of dynamical systems, where the evolution of the system is governed by certain laws, the data points may not be independent and identically distributed. Instead, they may follow a specific trajectory or have some correlation structure.
One approach to handle non-i.i.d. data is to incorporate the temporal or spatial dependencies into the framework. This can be achieved by modifying the sampling strategy to account for the correlation between data points. For example, in the case of multiple trajectories, the framework can be adapted to capture the dynamics of each trajectory separately and then combine the results to obtain a comprehensive analysis of the system.
Additionally, techniques from time series analysis or spatial statistics can be integrated into the framework to model the dependencies in the data. This may involve using methods such as autoregressive models, spatial autocorrelation models, or Gaussian processes to capture the underlying structure of the data.
By extending the framework to handle non-i.i.d. data or data from multiple trajectories, we can provide a more accurate representation of the dynamical system and improve the applicability of the analysis in real-world scenarios where the data may exhibit complex dependencies.

What are the implications of the convergence results for the practical application of these methods in fields like fluid dynamics or molecular dynamics

The convergence results have significant implications for the practical application of these methods in fields like fluid dynamics or molecular dynamics.

Improved Accuracy: The convergence of the data-driven approximations to the true operators ensures that the analysis provides accurate representations of the underlying dynamics. This is crucial in fields where precise modeling of the system behavior is essential for making informed decisions.

Reduced Error: The error bounds established in the analysis give insights into the accuracy of the approximations. By understanding the convergence rates and error bounds, researchers and practitioners can assess the reliability of the results obtained through data-driven methods.

Enhanced Predictive Capabilities: With a better understanding of the convergence properties, researchers can have more confidence in using these methods for predictive purposes. This is particularly valuable in applications where forecasting future behavior is crucial.

Application in Complex Systems: The ability to handle non-i.i.d. data or data from multiple trajectories expands the applicability of these methods to a wide range of complex systems. This versatility allows for the analysis of diverse dynamical systems with varying characteristics.

Overall, the convergence results provide a solid theoretical foundation for the practical implementation of data-driven approximation methods in fields such as fluid dynamics and molecular dynamics, enhancing their effectiveness and reliability in real-world applications.

Can the analysis be adapted to handle operator-valued basis functions, which may be more suitable for certain types of dynamical systems

Adapting the analysis to handle operator-valued basis functions can be beneficial for certain types of dynamical systems where the observables are best represented as operators rather than scalar functions.

Representation of Complex Systems: Operator-valued basis functions can capture the intricate relationships and interactions within complex systems more effectively than scalar functions. This is particularly useful in systems where the observables have inherent operator structures.

Enhanced Modeling Capabilities: By using operator-valued basis functions, the analysis can better capture the dynamics of the system, especially in cases where the evolution is governed by operators rather than scalar quantities. This leads to more accurate and comprehensive models of the system behavior.

Application in Quantum Mechanics: In quantum mechanics, where observables are represented by operators, adapting the analysis to handle operator-valued basis functions is essential. This allows for a more accurate description of quantum systems and their evolution over time.

Generalization to Higher Dimensions: Operator-valued basis functions can also facilitate the analysis of systems in higher dimensions or with more complex dynamics. The flexibility of operator-valued functions allows for a more versatile and adaptable approach to modeling such systems.

By incorporating operator-valued basis functions into the analysis, the framework can be tailored to suit the specific characteristics of the dynamical system under study, leading to more insightful and accurate results in a variety of applications.