Migrating Software Systems to Post-Quantum Cryptography: A Systematic Literature Review

Core Concepts

Migrating existing software systems and networks to post-quantum cryptography is necessary to ensure long-term security, but the process is complex and lacks clear guidance.

Abstract

This systematic literature review examines the current state of research on migrating software systems towards post-quantum cryptography (PQC). The key findings are: Migration Process: The migration process can be divided into four main phases: Diagnosis, Planning, Execution, and Maintenance. The Diagnosis phase involves asset identification, risk assessment, cryptographic inventory, and cryptographic assessment. The Planning phase includes cryptographic prioritization and developing a migration plan. The Execution phase focuses on implementing the migration, often using hybrid solutions combining classical and quantum-resistant cryptography. The Maintenance phase ensures the migrated systems remain secure over time. PQC Applications: Hybrid PQC solutions, combining classical and quantum-resistant cryptography, are commonly used during migrations. A variety of software systems have been migrated, including web servers, databases, blockchain frameworks, and messaging applications. Key standards like TLS, X.509, and S/MIME have been adapted to incorporate PQC. Challenges: Lack of experience and high effort required for PQC migration Concerns about the security of the post-migration system High complexity due to the diverse requirements and constraints of existing protocols and implementations The literature highlights the need for more comprehensive guidance and best practices for PQC migration. Current approaches are mostly experimental, leading to an overall chaotic situation that this review aims to clarify.

Stats

"Quantum computing poses a threat to this heterogeneous infrastructure since it threatens fundamental security mechanisms." "At the moment, there is little knowledge on how such migrations should be structured and implemented in practice." "Practical knowledge about this transition or migration — especially on a broader scale — is limited."

Quotes

"Networks such as the Internet are essential for our connected world." "Despite the enormous efforts around the globe to provide such future-proof alternatives, the past catches up with us." "Not only people new to the topic are overwhelmed by the sheer number of academic papers, reports, handbooks, and other documents available."

Key Insights Distilled From

Migrating Software Systems towards Post-Quantum-Cryptography -- A Systematic Literature Review

by Chri... at arxiv.org 04-22-2024

https://arxiv.org/pdf/2404.12854.pdf

Deeper Inquiries

How can the migration process be further streamlined and standardized to reduce the high effort and complexity?

The migration process towards Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) can be streamlined and standardized by implementing the following strategies: Establish Clear Guidelines: Develop comprehensive guidelines that outline the steps, roles, and responsibilities involved in the migration process. This will provide a structured approach for organizations to follow. Automate Migration Tools: Invest in automation tools that can assist in the identification of assets, risk assessment, cryptographic inventory, and migration planning. Automation can help reduce manual effort and ensure accuracy. Training and Education: Provide training programs for staff involved in the migration process to ensure they have the necessary skills and knowledge. This will help in executing the migration more efficiently. Collaboration and Communication: Foster collaboration between different teams and departments involved in the migration. Clear communication channels will help in aligning efforts and resolving issues promptly. Continuous Monitoring and Evaluation: Implement a system for continuous monitoring and evaluation of the migration process. This will help in identifying any issues early on and making necessary adjustments. Standardization Efforts: Encourage the development of industry standards for PQC migration. Standardization can help in creating a common framework and language for all stakeholders involved. By implementing these strategies, organizations can streamline the migration process, reduce complexity, and ensure a more efficient transition to Post-Quantum Cryptography.

How can the potential security risks of hybrid PQC solutions be effectively mitigated?

Hybrid Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) solutions, which combine quantum-resistant and classical cryptography, come with their own set of security risks. To effectively mitigate these risks, organizations can take the following measures: Risk Assessment: Conduct a thorough risk assessment to identify potential vulnerabilities and security gaps in the hybrid PQC solution. Understanding the risks is the first step towards effective mitigation. Encryption Key Management: Implement robust encryption key management practices to ensure the secure generation, storage, and distribution of encryption keys. Proper key management is crucial for maintaining the security of the hybrid solution. Regular Security Audits: Conduct regular security audits and penetration testing to identify and address any security weaknesses in the hybrid PQC solution. This proactive approach can help in detecting and mitigating vulnerabilities before they are exploited. Update and Patch Management: Stay updated with the latest security patches and updates for both quantum-resistant and classical cryptographic algorithms used in the hybrid solution. Timely updates can help in addressing known security vulnerabilities. User Training and Awareness: Provide training to users on best practices for using the hybrid PQC solution securely. Awareness programs can help in preventing common security threats such as phishing attacks or unauthorized access. Incident Response Plan: Develop a comprehensive incident response plan to effectively respond to security incidents or breaches in the hybrid PQC solution. Having a well-defined plan can minimize the impact of security incidents. By implementing these security measures, organizations can effectively mitigate the potential risks associated with hybrid PQC solutions and ensure the security of their cryptographic infrastructure.

How can the lessons learned from PQC migrations in specific domains be applied to drive broader adoption and best practices?

Lessons learned from Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) migrations in specific domains can be applied to drive broader adoption and best practices in the following ways: Knowledge Sharing: Share the experiences and challenges faced during PQC migrations in specific domains with a broader audience. This can help other organizations learn from real-world scenarios and avoid common pitfalls. Case Studies and Success Stories: Develop case studies and success stories highlighting successful PQC migrations in specific domains. These stories can serve as examples for other organizations looking to adopt PQC. Community Engagement: Engage with the PQC community through conferences, workshops, and forums to exchange ideas, best practices, and lessons learned. Collaboration with experts and peers can drive innovation and adoption. Standardization and Guidelines: Contribute to the development of industry standards and guidelines for PQC migrations based on the lessons learned from specific domains. Standardization can provide a common framework for adoption. Training and Certification Programs: Offer training and certification programs based on the lessons learned from successful PQC migrations. This can help professionals acquire the necessary skills and knowledge to drive adoption in their organizations. Continuous Improvement: Continuously evaluate and improve PQC migration processes based on feedback and lessons learned. Adopt a mindset of continuous improvement to drive broader adoption and ensure best practices are followed. By applying these strategies, organizations can leverage the lessons learned from PQC migrations in specific domains to drive broader adoption, establish best practices, and ensure a smooth transition to quantum-resistant cryptography.