Core Concepts
The author argues that progress in LGBT rights in Bosnia, Croatia, and Serbia has been influenced by Europeanization efforts but faces challenges from nationalist sentiments.
Abstract
After the post-war period, Bosnia, Croatia, and Serbia made strides towards democracy and European integration. The visibility of sexual minorities increased, leading to improved legal protections for LGBT rights. However, nationalist forces viewed these rights as foreign threats to traditional identities, creating tensions.
Nationalist elites used "political homophobia" to maintain power by framing LGBT issues as a threat to the nation. Religious nationalism posed challenges in all three countries, with alliances between religious leaders and conservative parties hindering LGBT progress. Despite some advancements like anti-discrimination laws and Pride Parades, implementation remains weak.
Croatia emphasized its European identity and condemned attacks on the LGBT community. In contrast, Serbia's national identity was more exclusionary and framed homosexuality as a threat to the nation. Bosnia faced complexities due to competing ethnic identities and institutionalized ethno-nationalism.
While progress has been made over two decades, concerns about democratic backsliding persist due to nationalist influences. The region's future progress in LGBT rights hinges on overcoming nationalist obstacles through continued activism and international pressure.
Stats
Croatia started EU negotiations in 2005.
Croatia granted life partnership and adoption rights for same-sex couples.
Serbia had numerous state annulments of Pride parades.
President Vucić appointed Ana Brnabić as a gay prime minister since 2017.
Quotes
"People say we didn’t have gays before and now we see them." - Serbian activist leader
"It is sad what happened...part of the population showed its non-European face." - Croatian president Josipović
"If you have to do something unpopular...you can't both sell Kosovo and allow 'sick perverts' to march." - Serbian LGBT leader