New Jurassic Shuotheriid Fossils Reveal Early Dental Diversification of Mammaliaforms

Core Concepts

New Jurassic shuotheriid fossils provide insights into the origin and evolution of pseudotribosphenic teeth, challenging the conventional understanding and revealing the earliest diversification of mammaliaform dental structures.

Abstract

The content discusses the discovery of new Jurassic shuotheriid fossils and their implications for understanding the evolution of mammaliaform dentition. Key points:

• Shuotheriids are Jurassic mammaliaforms with pseudotribosphenic teeth, where the pseudotalonid is anterior to the trigonid, unlike the tribosphenic pattern of therian mammals.

• The new shuotheriid specimens allow reidentification of dental structures using serial homology and tooth occlusal relationships, contrary to the conventional view.

• Phylogenetic analysis based on the new evidence removes shuotheriids from the tribosphenic ausktribosphenids and clusters them with docodontans, forming a new clade called Docodontiformes characterized by pseudotribosphenic features.

• The phylogeny suggests that docodontiforms and 'holotherians' (Kuehneotherium, monotremes, and therians) evolved independently from a Morganucodon-like ancestor with triconodont molars.

• The pseudotribosphenic pattern passed through a cusp semitriangulation stage, while the tribosphenic pattern and its precursor went through a cusp triangulation stage, resulting in the earliest diversification of mammaliaform dental structures.

Stats

Shuotheriids possess pseudotribosphenic teeth in which a pseudotalonid is anterior to the trigonid in the lower molar, contrasting with the tribosphenic pattern of therian mammals.

Quotes

"Contrary to the conventional view1,2,6,10,11, our findings show that dental structures of shuotheriids can be homologized to those of docodontans and partly support homologous statements for some dental structures between docodontans and other mammaliaforms6,12."
"The phylogenetic analysis based on new evidence removes shuotheriids from the tribosphenic ausktribosphenids (including monotremes) and clusters them with docodontans to form a new clade, Docodontiformes, that is characterized by pseudotribosphenic features."

Key Insights Distilled From

Jurassic shuotheriids show earliest dental diversification of mammaliaforms - Nature

by Fangyuan Mao... at www.nature.com 04-03-2024

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07258-7

Deeper Inquiries

How do the dental adaptations of shuotheriids and docodontiforms compare to those of other early mammaliaforms in terms of dietary preferences and ecological niches?

The dental adaptations of shuotheriids and docodontiforms exhibit unique features that differentiate them from other early mammaliaforms. Shuotheriids possess pseudotribosphenic teeth, with a pseudotalonid anterior to the trigonid in the lower molars, which contrasts with the tribosphenic pattern seen in therian mammals. This dental structure suggests adaptations for processing food efficiently, possibly indicating a specific dietary preference. On the other hand, docodontiforms, clustered with shuotheriids in the proposed phylogeny, also show pseudotribosphenic features. These adaptations may reflect a similar ecological niche and dietary strategy shared between shuotheriids and docodontiforms, distinct from other early mammaliaforms. The evolution of these dental structures in shuotheriids and docodontiforms could be linked to their feeding habits and the resources available in their respective environments during the Jurassic period.

What other morphological features, beyond dentition, could support or challenge the proposed phylogenetic relationship between shuotheriids, docodontans, and 'holotherians'?

Apart from dentition, several other morphological features could provide additional support for the proposed phylogenetic relationship between shuotheriids, docodontans, and 'holotherians.' One crucial aspect is skeletal morphology, including postcranial elements such as limb structure, vertebral characteristics, and pelvic girdle anatomy. Comparing these features across the three groups can reveal similarities or differences that strengthen or challenge their evolutionary relationships. Additionally, soft tissue characteristics like organ placement, muscle attachments, and reproductive structures could offer insights into shared ancestry or divergent evolutionary paths. Furthermore, studies on cranial morphology, brain size, and sensory adaptations can provide valuable information on the sensory ecology and behavioral traits of these mammaliaforms, further supporting or questioning their phylogenetic relationships.

Given the insights into the earliest diversification of mammaliaform dental structures, what implications does this have for our understanding of the broader evolutionary transitions from non-mammalian synapsids to modern mammals?

The insights gained from studying the earliest diversification of mammaliaform dental structures have significant implications for our understanding of the broader evolutionary transitions from non-mammalian synapsids to modern mammals. The presence of pseudotribosphenic teeth in shuotheriids and docodontiforms, distinct from the tribosphenic pattern seen in therian mammals, suggests a complex evolutionary history of dental adaptations within mammaliaforms. This diversity in dental structures indicates varied dietary preferences, ecological niches, and feeding strategies among early mammaliaforms, reflecting the evolutionary pressures and environmental changes during the Jurassic period. By tracing the development of dental features and occlusal patterns in these mammaliaforms, we can infer the selective pressures that drove the evolution of mammalian dentition and its role in the adaptive radiation of early mammals. This knowledge enhances our understanding of the evolutionary transitions that led to the emergence of modern mammals and the diverse dental adaptations seen in extant mammalian species today.