Advancing Audio Deepfake Detection: A Novel Cross-Domain Dataset and Comprehensive Analysis

Core Concepts

This paper presents a novel cross-domain audio deepfake detection (CD-ADD) dataset comprising over 300 hours of speech data generated by five advanced zero-shot text-to-speech (TTS) models. The dataset is designed to simulate real-world scenarios and evaluate the generalization capabilities of deepfake detection models.

Abstract

The paper addresses the urgent need for up-to-date resources to combat the evolving risks of zero-shot TTS technologies. The key highlights and insights are:

Construction of the CD-ADD dataset:

The dataset includes speech data generated by five cutting-edge zero-shot TTS models, including decoder-only and encoder-decoder architectures.
Quality control measures are implemented during dataset construction to ensure intelligible synthetic speech.
The dataset introduces two tasks: in-model ADD and cross-model ADD, the latter being more challenging and representative of real-world scenarios.

Evaluation of attack resilience:

Nine different attacks, including traditional and DNN-based methods, are tested on the ADD models.
Attack-augmented training improves the models' adaptability, with certain attacks even enhancing the models' generalizability.
Neural codec compression, especially at lower bit rates, poses a significant threat to the detection accuracy.

Few-shot learning performance:

The Wav2Vec2-large and Whisper-medium models demonstrate superior cross-model ADD performance compared to the Wav2Vec2-base model.
With just one minute of target-domain data, the ADD models can significantly improve their performance, highlighting their fast adaptation capability.
However, the effectiveness of few-shot fine-tuning is reduced when the audio is compressed using neural codecs.

The study highlights the challenges of cross-domain ADD, the importance of attack-augmented training, and the potential of few-shot learning, providing valuable insights for future research in this domain.

Stats

The CD-ADD dataset comprises over 300 hours of training data and 50 hours of test data.
The average utterance length exceeds 8 seconds, which is longer than traditional ASR datasets.
The VALL-E model has the fewest utterances due to its relative instability.
The OpenVoice model has the lowest word error rate (WER) and speaker similarity score among the five zero-shot TTS models.

Quotes

"Audio deepfakes, created by text-to-speech (TTS) and voice conversion (VC) models, pose severe risks to social stability by spreading misinformation, violating privacy, and undermining trust."
"To demonstrate generalization capabilities, several studies have implemented cross-dataset evaluation (Müller et al., 2022; Ba et al., 2023)."
"Nonetheless, neural codec compressors greatly affect the detection accuracy, necessitating further research."

Key Insights Distilled From

Cross-Domain Audio Deepfake Detection

by Yuang Li,Min... at arxiv.org 04-09-2024

https://arxiv.org/pdf/2404.04904.pdf

Deeper Inquiries

How can the CD-ADD dataset be further expanded to include a broader range of TTS and VC models, as well as different languages and domains?

Expanding the CD-ADD dataset to include a broader range of TTS and VC models, as well as different languages and domains, can be achieved through several strategies:

Inclusion of Additional Models: Incorporating more zero-shot TTS models, traditional TTS models, and voice conversion models will enhance dataset diversity. This can involve collaborating with researchers and organizations working on different TTS and VC technologies to gather data.

Multilingual Data Collection: To cover a wider range of languages, efforts should be made to collect speech data in various languages. This can involve partnerships with multilingual speech synthesis and voice conversion projects to obtain recordings in different languages.

Domain Variation: Including data from diverse domains such as medical, legal, technical, and entertainment sectors will make the dataset more representative of real-world scenarios. Collaboration with domain experts and industry partners can facilitate the collection of domain-specific speech data.

Speaker Diversity: Ensuring a diverse set of speakers in terms of age, gender, accent, and dialect will improve the dataset's robustness. Recruiting speakers from different demographics and regions can help achieve this goal.

Continuous Updates: Regular updates and additions to the dataset to keep pace with advancements in TTS and VC technologies will ensure its relevance and effectiveness in detecting audio deepfakes across evolving models and techniques.

How can the effects of combined attacks be investigated, and what optimization techniques can be explored to enhance the models' resilience against such attacks?

Investigating the effects of combined attacks and enhancing models' resilience against them can be approached through the following strategies:

Data Augmentation: Augmenting the dataset with combined attacks to simulate real-world scenarios where multiple attack types may be present in deepfake audio. This will help the models learn to detect and differentiate between various attack combinations.

Ensemble Learning: Implementing ensemble learning techniques where multiple ADD models are trained on different subsets of the data with varied attack combinations. Combining the outputs of these models can improve overall detection accuracy and robustness.

Feature Engineering: Developing advanced feature extraction methods that can capture subtle differences in audio signals affected by combined attacks. Techniques like spectrogram analysis, wavelet transforms, and deep feature learning can enhance the models' ability to detect complex attacks.

Adversarial Training: Training the ADD models with adversarial examples generated from combined attacks can improve their resilience. By exposing the models to challenging scenarios during training, they can learn to adapt and become more robust against sophisticated attacks.

Regularization Techniques: Applying regularization methods such as dropout, batch normalization, and weight decay can prevent overfitting and improve the generalization of models when faced with combined attacks. Regularization helps the models learn more generalized patterns from the data.

How can the performance of ADD models be improved when dealing with audio compressed by neural codecs?

To enhance the performance of ADD models when dealing with audio compressed by neural codecs, the following strategies can be explored:

Feature Selection: Identifying and selecting robust features that are less affected by compression artifacts can improve model performance. Features like Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCCs) or spectrogram representations may be more resilient to compression effects.

Transfer Learning: Leveraging transfer learning techniques by pre-training ADD models on uncompressed audio data before fine-tuning on compressed audio can help the models adapt better to the unique characteristics of compressed audio signals.

Compression-Aware Training: Incorporating compression-aware training strategies where the ADD models are trained on a mix of compressed and uncompressed audio data can help them learn to detect deepfakes in compressed audio more effectively.

Post-Processing Techniques: Applying post-processing techniques such as denoising algorithms or signal enhancement methods after decoding compressed audio can help mitigate the impact of compression artifacts on the ADD model's performance.

Adaptive Thresholding: Implementing adaptive thresholding mechanisms that adjust detection thresholds based on the level of compression in the audio can improve the models' sensitivity to deepfake signals in compressed audio while reducing false positives.