
화자의 정체성은 언어 이해 과정에서 합리적으로 고려되며, 사회적 고정관념과 생물학적 지식에 대한 위반은 각각 N400과 P600 효과를 유발한다.


coremsg

한-남성이-임신했다고-말할-때-화자-맥락화된-언어-이해에-대한-합리적-설명을-제공하는-erp-증거


한 남성이 임신했다고 말할 때: 화자 맥락화된 언어 이해에 대한 합리적 설명을 제공하는 ERP 증거


title_rewrite


간단하고 고정된 휴리스틱 의사결정 규칙만으로도 시각 검색 성능을 거의 최적화할 수 있다.


최적의-휴리스틱-의사결정-규칙을-사용한-효율적인-시각-검색


최적의 휴리스틱 의사결정 규칙을 사용한 효율적인 시각 검색



작업 기억 내 주의력은 예상된 및 예상치 못한 기억 검사에 따라 재배향된다. 예상된 검사 후에는 추가적인 확인 단계가 필요하며, 예상치 못한 검사 후에는 대안 기억 내용에 대한 재집중이 지속된다.


A classic distinction from the domain of external attention is that between anticipatory orienting and subsequent re-orienting of attention to unexpected events. Whether and how humans also re-orient attention ‘in mind’ following expected and unexpected working-memory tests remains elusive. We leveraged spatial modulations in neural activity and gaze to isolate re-orienting within the spatial layout of visual working memory following central memory tests of certain, expected, or unexpected mnemonic content. Besides internal orienting after predictive cues, we unveil a second stage of internal attentional deployment following both expected and unexpected memory tests. Following expected tests, internal attentional deployment was not contingent on prior orienting, suggesting an additional verification – “double checking” – in memory. Following unexpected tests, re-focusing of alternative memory content was prolonged. This brings attentional re-orienting to the domain of working memory and underscores how memory tests can invoke either a verification or a revision of our internal focus.

### Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

All data and analysis scripts are publicly available in the OSF: <https://osf.io/5wexp/>.

Re-focusing visual working memory during expected and unexpected memory tests

시각-작업-기억에서-예상된-및-예상치-못한-기억-검사-후-주의력-재배향의-역동성


시각 작업 기억에서 예상된 및 예상치 못한 기억 검사 후 주의력 재배향의 역동성



인간의 시각적 장면 표현은 단순히 하향식 시각 정보에 의해서만 결정되는 것이 아니라, 이전의 내비게이션 경험에 의해서도 크게 영향을 받는다.


Human navigation heavily relies on visual information. Although many previous studies have investigated how navigational information is inferred from visual features of scenes, little is understood about the impact of navigational experience on visual scene representation. In this study, we examined how navigational experience influences both the behavioral and neural responses to a visual scene. During training, participants navigated in the virtual reality (VR) environments which we manipulated navigational experience while holding the visual properties of scenes constant. Half of the environments allowed free navigation (navigable), while the other half featured an ‘invisible wall’ preventing the participants to continue forward even though the scene was visually navigable (non-navigable). During testing, participants viewed scene images from the VR environment while completing either a behavioral perceptual identification task (Experiment1) or an fMRI scan (Experiment2). Behaviorally, we found that participants judged a scene pair to be significantly more visually different if their prior navigational experience varied, even after accounting for visual similarities between the scene pairs. Neurally, multi-voxel pattern of the parahippocampal place area (PPA) distinguished visual scenes based on prior navigational experience alone. These results suggest that the human visual scene cortex represents information about navigability obtained through prior experience, beyond those computable from the visual properties of the scene. Taken together, these results suggest that scene representation is modulated by prior navigational experience to help us construct a functionally meaningful visual environment.

### Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

A scene with an invisible wall - navigational experience shapes visual scene representation

장면의-내비게이션-경험이-시각적-장면-표현을-형성한다


장면의 내비게이션 경험이 시각적 장면 표현을 형성한다



조직화와 계획은 인간 뇌의 여러 핵심 영역을 활성화시켜 기억력 향상, 스트레스 감소, 집중력 및 생산성 증가와 같은 인지적 이점을 제공한다. 또한 이러한 활동은 뇌의 신경 가소성을 강화하여 정신 건강과 전반적인 웰빙을 증진시킨다.


In today’s fast-paced world, the ability to plan and stay organized is more crucial than ever. Whether it’s managing work deadlines…

How Organization and Planning Affect the Human Brain

조직화와-계획이-인간-뇌에-미치는-영향


조직화와 계획이 인간 뇌에 미치는 영향



연속적인 팔 도달 과제에서 사람들은 최소 두 개의 미래 도달 동작을 동시에 계획하며, 이러한 계획 과정은 서로 상호작용한다.


Real world actions often comprise of a series of movements that cannot be entirely planned before initiation. When these actions are executed rapidly, the planning of multiple future movements needs to occur simultaneously with the ongoing action. How the brain solves this task remains unknown. Here we address this question with a new sequential arm reaching paradigm that manipulates how many future reaches are available for planning while controlling execution of the ongoing reach. We show that participants plan at least two future reaches simultaneously with an ongoing reach. Further, the planning processes of the two future reaches are not independent of one another. Evidence that the planning processes interact is two-fold. First, correcting for a visual perturbation of the ongoing reach target is slower when more future reaches are planned. Second, the curvature of the current reach is modified based on the next reach only when their planning processes temporally overlap. These interactions between future planning processes may enable smooth production of sequential actions by linking individual segments of a long sequence at the level of motor planning.

### Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Future movement plans interact in sequential arm movements

연속적인-팔-도달-과제에서-다중-미래-움직임-계획의-상호작용


연속적인 팔 도달 과제에서 다중 미래 움직임 계획의 상호작용



인간은 학습한 임의의 연합을 자발적으로 역전시킬 수 있지만, 원숭이는 그렇지 않다.


The emergence of symbolic thinking has been proposed as a dominant cognitive criterion to distinguish humans from other primates during hominization. Although the proper definition of a symbol has been the subject of much debate, one of its simplest features is bidirectional attachment: the content is accessible from the symbol, and vice versa. Behavioural observations scattered over the past four decades suggest that this criterion might not be met in non-human primates, as they fail to generalise an association learned in one temporal order (A to B) to the reverse order (B to A). Here, we designed an implicit fMRI test to investigate the neural mechanisms of arbitrary audio-visual and visual-visual pairing in monkeys and humans and probe their spontaneous reversibility. After learning a unidirectional association, humans showed surprise signals when this learned association was violated. Crucially, this effect occurred spontaneously in both learned and reversed directions, within an extended network of high-level brain areas, including, but also going beyond, the language network. In monkeys, by contrast, violations of association effects occurred solely in the learned direction and were largely confined to sensory areas. We propose that a human-specific brain network may have evolved the capacity for reversible symbolic reference.

### Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Brain areas for reversible symbolic reference, a potential singularity of the human brain

인간과-원숭이의-가역적-상징-참조-능력-차이-인간-뇌의-잠재적-특이성


인간과 원숭이의 가역적 상징 참조 능력 차이: 인간 뇌의 잠재적 특이성



영화 시청 중 감각 몰입과 에피소드적 지식이 높을 때 감각 피질 활성화가 증가하며, 방해 받는 사고는 전두두정엽 시스템 활성화 감소와 관련됨


Movie watching is a central aspect of our lives and an important paradigm for understanding the brain mechanisms behind cognition as it occurs in daily life. Contemporary views of ongoing thought argue that the ability to make sense of events in the ‘here and now’ depend on the neural processing of incoming sensory information by auditory and visual cortex, which are kept in check by systems in association cortex. However, we currently lack an understanding of how patterns of ongoing thoughts map onto the different brain systems when we watch a film, partly because methods of sampling experience disrupt the dynamics of brain activity and the movie-watching experience. Our study established a novel method for mapping thought patterns onto the brain activity that occurs at different moments of a film, which does not disrupt the time course of brain activity or the movie-watching experience. We found moments when experience sampling highlighted engagement with multi-sensory features of the film or highlighted thoughts with episodic features, regions of sensory cortex were more active and subsequent memory for events in the movie was better—on the other hand, periods of intrusive distraction emerged when activity in regions of association cortex within the frontoparietal system was reduced. These results highlight the critical role sensory systems play in the multi-modal experience of movie-watching and provide evidence for the role of association cortex in reducing distraction when we watch films.

Significance statement States like movie-watching provide a window into the brain mechanisms behind cognition in daily life. However, we know relatively little about the mapping between brain activity during movies and associated thought patterns because of difficulties in measuring cognition without disrupting how brain activity naturally unfolds. We establish a novel method to link different experiential states to brain activity during movie-watching with minimal interruptions to viewers or disruptions to brain dynamics. We found states of sensory engagement occur in moments of films when activity in visual and auditory cortex are high. In contrast, states of distraction are reduced when activity in frontoparietal regions is high. Our study, therefore, establishes both sensory and association cortex as core features of the movie-watching experience.

### Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Mapping patterns of thought onto brain activity during movie-watching

영화-시청-중-사고-패턴을-뇌-활동에-매핑하기


영화 시청 중 사고 패턴을 뇌 활동에 매핑하기



사회적 관계는 해마에서 순서화된 저차원 신경 패턴 시퀀스로 표상된다.


In a series of conceptually related episodes, meaning arises from the link between these events rather than from each event individually. How does the brain keep track of conceptually related sequences of events (i.e., conceptual trajectories)? In a particular kind of conceptual trajectory—a social relationship—meaning arises from a specific sequence of interactions. To test whether such abstract sequences are neurally tracked, we had participants complete a naturalistic narrative-based social interaction game, during functional magnetic resonance imaging. We modeled the simulated relationships as trajectories through an abstract affiliation and power space. In two independent samples, we found evidence of individual social relationships being tracked with unique sequences of hippocampal states. The neural states corresponded to the accumulated trial-to-trial affiliation and power relations between the participant and each character, such that each relationship’s history was captured by its own neural trajectory. Each relationship had its own sequence of states, and all relationships were embedded within the same manifold. As such, we show that the hippocampus represents social relationships with ordered sequences of low-dimensional neural patterns. The number of distinct clusters of states on this manifold is also related to social function, as measured by the size of real-world social networks. These results suggest that our evolving relationships with others are represented in trajectory-like neural patterns.

### Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Neural Trajectories of Conceptually Related Events

사회적-관계의-신경-궤적이-지도와-같은-다양체에-나타나는-양상


사회적 관계의 신경 궤적이 지도와 같은 다양체에 나타나는 양상



인간 관찰자는 청각-시각 자극의 인과 관계에 대한 추론을 바탕으로 청각-시각 시간 지각을 재조정한다.


Cross-modal temporal recalibration is crucial for maintaining coherent perception in a multimodal environment. The classic view suggests that cross-modal temporal recalibration aligns the perceived timing of sensory signals from different modalities, such as sound and light, to compensate for physical and neural latency differences. However, this view cannot fully explain the nonlinearity and asymmetry observed in audiovisual recalibration effects: the amount of re-calibration plateaus with increasing audiovisual asynchrony and varies depending on the leading modality of the asynchrony during exposure. To address these discrepancies, our study examines the mechanism of audiovisual temporal recalibration through the lens of causal inference, considering the brain’s capacity to determine whether multimodal signals come from a common source and should be integrated, or else kept separate. In a three-phase recalibration paradigm, we manipulated the adapter stimulus-onset asynchrony in the exposure phase across nine sessions, introducing asynchronies up to 0.7 s of either auditory or visual lead. Before and after the exposure phase in each session, we measured participants’ perception of audiovisual relative timing using a temporal-order-judgment task. We compared models that assumed observers re-calibrate to approach either the physical synchrony or the causal-inference-based percept, with uncertainties specific to each modality or comparable across them. Modeling results revealed that a causal-inference model incorporating modality-specific uncertainty captures both the nonlinearity and asymmetry of audiovisual temporal recalibration. Our results indicate that human observers employ causal-inference-based percepts to recalibrate cross-modal temporal perception.

### Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Uncertainty-based causal inference modulates audiovisual temporal recalibration

다양한-청각-시각-비동기에-따른-불확실성-기반-인과-추론이-청각-시각-시간-재조정에-미치는-영향


다양한 청각-시각 비동기에 따른 불확실성 기반 인과 추론이 청각-시각 시간 재조정에 미치는 영향
