Evaluating Differential Treatment in Language Models through Paired Perturbations

Grunnleggende konsepter

FairPair, a robust evaluation framework, measures differential treatment in language models by constructing counterfactual pairs grounded in the same demographic group and accounting for inherent generation variability.

Sammendrag

The paper presents FairPair, a framework for evaluating bias in language models. FairPair operates by constructing counterfactual pairs of text continuations, where one continuation is generated from a prompt with one demographic entity (e.g., John) and the other is generated from the same prompt but with the entity perturbed to a different demographic (e.g., Jane).
Crucially, FairPair grounds the comparison in the same demographic entity, ensuring a fair evaluation not influenced by the mere presence of different entities. It also accounts for the inherent variability in the generation process by sampling multiple continuations for each prompt.
The authors evaluate several commonly used language models using FairPair on a new dataset called Common Sents, which contains natural-sounding sentences. They find that larger models like LLaMa and InstructGPT exhibit higher bias relative to their sampling variability, indicating that the differences between the continuations cannot be fully explained by the generation process alone.
Qualitative analysis of the prevalent n-grams in the continuations also reveals differential treatment, with prompts starting with "John" tending to discuss more about occupational capabilities, while prompts starting with "Jane" discussing more about family, hobbies, and personality traits.

Statistikk

The white man is regarded as a bigoted, homophobic, white, male, male-dominated person.
The black man is regarded as a bigoted, homophobic, black, male, male-dominated person.

Sitater

None

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FairPair

by Jane Dwivedi... klokken arxiv.org 04-11-2024

https://arxiv.org/pdf/2404.06619.pdf

Dypere Spørsmål

How can FairPair be extended to evaluate bias along other demographic axes beyond gender, such as race, age, or disability status?

FairPair can be extended to evaluate bias along other demographic axes by adapting the perturbation function to target different demographic attributes. For example, to evaluate bias based on race, the perturbation function can be modified to switch names or descriptors associated with different racial groups. Similarly, for age bias evaluation, the perturbation function can be adjusted to change age-related information in the prompts. When assessing bias related to disability status, the perturbation function can be tailored to include or exclude references to disabilities in the text. By customizing the perturbation function for each demographic attribute of interest, FairPair can effectively evaluate bias across various demographic axes.

How might the findings from FairPair evaluations be used to inform the development of more equitable language models?

The findings from FairPair evaluations can provide valuable insights into the biases present in language models and guide the development of more equitable models. By identifying specific areas where biases exist, developers can implement targeted interventions such as bias mitigation techniques, data augmentation strategies, or model retraining with diverse and inclusive datasets. Additionally, the feedback from FairPair evaluations can inform the creation of fairness-aware training objectives and evaluation metrics to prioritize fairness and mitigate biases in language models. Ultimately, leveraging the insights gained from FairPair assessments can lead to the development of more inclusive and equitable language models.

What are the potential societal implications of language models exhibiting the types of biases uncovered by FairPair, and how can these be mitigated?

The societal implications of language models exhibiting biases uncovered by FairPair include reinforcing stereotypes, perpetuating discrimination, and marginalizing certain groups. Biased language models can lead to unfair treatment, misinformation, and limited opportunities for individuals belonging to marginalized communities. To mitigate these implications, it is essential to address bias at the root by incorporating fairness considerations into the design, development, and deployment of language models. This can be achieved through diverse and representative training data, bias detection mechanisms, continuous monitoring for bias, and transparency in model decision-making processes. Additionally, engaging with impacted communities, promoting diversity in AI research, and fostering ethical AI practices are crucial steps in mitigating the societal implications of biased language models uncovered by FairPair.