This paper introduces MUFFIN, a novel 3-fluid hydrodynamic model designed for simulating heavy-ion collisions at lower energies, addressing the limitations of traditional models by incorporating a multi-fluid approach and event-by-event fluctuations to better understand the properties of Quark-Gluon Plasma.
Accurately modeling observables in high-energy isobar collisions requires moving beyond simplified Woods-Saxon descriptions of nuclear density to incorporate the detailed radial structure revealed by Density Functional Theory, especially for observables sensitive to the outer regions of nuclei.
The influence of nuclear structure differences on the final state observables in heavy-ion collisions is energy dependent, with stronger effects observed at higher energies, and can be primarily attributed to variations in the initial geometric configurations of the colliding nuclei.
This paper proposes a novel approach to modeling heavy-ion collisions using second-order relativistic viscous fluid dynamics, aiming to describe the entire collision process from the initial state of cold nuclei to the formation of the quark-gluon plasma.