
전 세계적으로 감소하고 있는 정자 수의 원인이 보이지 않고 널리 퍼져있는 미세플라스틱일 수 있다.


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Could the invisible — and pervasive — threat of microplastics be behind the global decrease in sperm counts?

Your Balls Are (Probably) Full of Plastic

플라스틱으로-가득-찬-당신의-고환


플라스틱으로 가득 찬 당신의 고환


title_rewrite


레테 오바리는 난소 발달과 기능에 중요한 역할을 하는 분비 기관이다.


The rete ovarii (RO) is an appendage of the ovary that has been given little attention. Although the RO appears in drawings of the ovary in early versions of Gray’s Anatomy, it disappeared from recent textbooks, and is often dismissed as a functionless vestige in the adult ovary. Using PAX8 immunostaining and confocal microscopy, we characterized the fetal development of the RO in the context of the ovary. The RO consists of three distinct regions that persist in adult life, the intraovarian rete (IOR), the extraovarian rete (EOR), and the connecting rete (CR). While the cells of the IOR appear to form solid cords within the ovary, the EOR rapidly develops into a convoluted tubular epithelium ending in a distal dilated tip. Cells of the EOR are ciliated and exhibit cellular trafficking capabilities. The CR, connecting the EOR to the IOR, gradually acquires tubular epithelial characteristics by birth. Using microinjections into the distal dilated tip of the EOR, we found that luminal contents flow towards the ovary. Mass spectrometry revealed that the EOR lumen contains secreted proteins potentially important for ovarian function. We show that the cells of the EOR are closely associated with vasculature and macrophages, and are contacted by neuronal projections, consistent with a role as a sensory appendage of the ovary. The direct proximity of the RO to the ovary and its integration with the extraovarian landscape suggest that it plays an important role in ovary development and homeostasis.

### Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Rediscovering the Rete Ovarii: a secreting auxiliary structure to the ovary

난소-보조-분비-구조인-레테-오바리의-재발견


난소 보조 분비 구조인 레테 오바리의 재발견



정액 부속기관에 존재하는 CRISP1과 CRISP3 단백질이 정자 DNA 무결성과 초기 배아 발달에 중요한 역할을 한다.


Numerous reports show that the epididymis plays a key role in the acquisition of sperm fertilizing ability but less information exists on its contribution to embryo development. Evidence from our laboratory showed that mammalian CRISP (Cysteine-Rich Secretory Proteins), known to be expressed in the epididymis, to regulate calcium (Ca2+) channels and to participate in fertilization, may also be relevant for embryo development. More specifically, we found that males with simultaneous mutations in Crisp1 and Crisp3 genes exhibited normal in vivo fertilization but impaired embryo development. In the present work, aimed to investigate the mechanisms underlying this reproductive phenotype, we observed that embryo development failure was not due to delayed fertilization as no differences in sperm transport within the female tract nor in in vivo fertilization were found shortly after mating. The observation that impaired embryo development was also found in eggs fertilized by epididymal sperm either after uterine insemination or in vitro fertilization, revealed that the defects were already present at epididymal level. Of note, eggs fertilized in vitro by mutant sperm exhibited impaired meiotic resumption not due to defects in Ca2+oscillations during egg activation, prompting us to examine potential sperm DNA defects. Interestingly, higher levels of both DNA fragmentation and intracellular Ca2+ were observed for mutant than for control epididymal sperm, supporting sperm DNA damage, likely linked to a Ca2+ dysregulation, as the main responsible for the early development failure of mutant males. Together, our results support the contribution of the epididymis beyond fertilization, identifying CRISP1 and CRISP3 as novel male factors relevant for DNA integrity and early embryo development. Given the existence of human functional homologues of CRISP and the incidence of DNA fragmentation in infertile men, we believe these findings not only provide relevant information on the impact of epididymal factors on embryonic development but will also contribute to a better understanding, diagnosis and treatment of human infertility.

### Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Contribution of the epididymis beyond fertilization: relevance of CRISP1 and CRISP3 for sperm DNA integrity and early embryo development

정자-dna-무결성과-초기-배아-발달에-있어-crisp1과-crisp3의-중요성-정액-부속기관의-역할


정자 DNA 무결성과 초기 배아 발달에 있어 CRISP1과 CRISP3의 중요성: 정액 부속기관의 역할



성전환 호르몬 치료는 성전환자 여성의 고환 내 소마 세포를 부분적으로 미성숙 상태로 되돌리고 섬유화 과정을 유발한다.


Although the impact of gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) on spermatogenesis in trans women has already been studied, data on its precise effects on the testicular environment is poor. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize, through histological and transcriptomic analysis, the spermatogonial stem cell niche of 106 trans women who underwent standardized GAHT, comprising estrogens and cyproterone acetate. A partial dedifferentiation of Sertoli cells was observed, marked by the co-expression of androgen receptor and anti-Müllerian hormone which mirrors the situation in peripubertal boys. The Leydig cells also exhibited a distribution analogous to peripubertal tissue, accompanied by a reduced insulin-like factor 3 expression. Although most peritubular myoid cells expressed alpha-smooth muscle actin 2, the expression pattern was disturbed. Besides this, fibrosis was particularly evident in the tubular wall and the lumen was collapsing in most participants. A spermatogenic arrest was also observed in all participants. The transcriptomic profile of transgender tissue confirmed a partial rejuvenation and, in addition, detected inflammation processes occurring in the samples. The present study shows that GAHT changes the spermatogonial stem cell niche by partially rejuvenating the somatic cells and inducing fibrotic processes. These findings are important to further understand how estrogens and testosterone suppression affect the testis environment, and in the case of orchidectomized testes as medical waste material, their potential use in research.

### Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Partial rejuvenation of the spermatogonial stem cell niche after gender-affirming hormone therapy in trans women

성전환자-여성의-성전환-호르몬-치료-후-부분적인-정모세포-줄기세포-영역-재생


성전환자 여성의 성전환 호르몬 치료 후 부분적인 정모세포 줄기세포 영역 재생



XAP5와 XAP5L은 척수 섬모 발달을 조절하는 대립 전사 인자이다. XAP5는 척수 섬모 관련 유전자 발현을 활성화하고, XAP5L은 이를 억제함으로써 척수 섬모 발달을 시간과 공간적으로 조절한다.


Existence of cilia in the last eukaryotic common ancestor (LECA) raises a fundamental question in biology: how the transcriptional regulation of ciliogenesis has evolved? One conceptual answer to this question is by an ancient transcription factor regulating ciliary gene expression in both unicellular and multicellular organisms, but examples of such transcription factors in eukaryotes are lacking. Previously, we showed that an ancient transcription factor XAP5 is required for flagellar assembly in Chlamydomonas . Here, we show that XAP5 and XAP5L are two conserved pairs of antagonistic transcription regulators that control ciliary transcriptional programs during spermatogenesis. Male mice lacking either XAP5 or XAP5L display infertility, as a result of meiotic prophase arrest and sperm flagella malformation, respectively. Mechanistically, XAP5 positively regulates the ciliary gene expression by activating the key regulators including FOXJ1 and RFX families during the early stage of spermatogenesis. In contrast, XAP5L negatively regulates the expression of ciliary genes via repressing these ciliary transcription factors during the spermiogenesis stage. Our results provide new insights into the mechanisms by which temporal and spatial transcription regulators are coordinated to control ciliary transcriptional programs during spermatogenesis.

### Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Control of ciliary transcriptional programs during spermatogenesis by antagonistic transcription factors

척수-섬모-전사-프로그램의-대립-전사-인자에-의한-조절


척수 섬모 전사 프로그램의 대립 전사 인자에 의한 조절
