
本研究揭示了初級嗅覺皮層（AON 和 Pir）如何調控全腦嗅覺網絡的時空動態，以及它們在健康和老化大腦中對神經活動傳播的影響。


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Odor information is transmitted from the olfactory bulb to several primary olfactory cortical regions in parallel, including the anterior olfactory nucleus (AON) and piriform cortex (Pir). However, the specific roles of the olfactory bulb and cortical outputs in wider interactions with other interconnected regions throughout the brain remain unclear due to the lack of suitable in vivo techniques. Furthermore, emerging associations between olfactory-related dysfunctions and neurological disorders underscore the need for examining olfactory networks at the systems level. Using optogenetics, fMRI, and computational modeling, we interrogated the spatiotemporal properties of brain-wide neural interactions in olfactory networks. We observed distinct downstream recruitment patterns. Specifically, stimulation of excitatory projection neurons in OB predominantly activates primary olfactory network regions, while stimulation of OB afferents in AON and Pir primarily orthodromically activates hippocampal/striatal and limbic networks, respectively. Temporally, repeated OB or AON stimulation diminishes neural activity propagation brain-wide in contrast to Pir stimulation. Dynamic causal modeling analysis reveals a robust inhibitory effect of AON outputs on striatal and limbic network regions. In addition, experiments in aged rat models show decreased brain-wide activation following OB stimulation, particularly in the primary olfactory and limbic networks. Modeling analysis identifies a dysfunctional AON to Pir connection, indicating the impairment of this primary olfactory cortical circuit that disrupts the downstream long-range propagation. Our study for the first time delineates the spatiotemporal properties of olfactory neural activity propagation in brain-wide networks and uncovers the roles of primary olfactory cortical, AON and Pir, outputs in shaping neural interactions at the systems level.

### Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Olfactory cortical outputs recruit and shape distinct brain-wide spatiotemporal networks

嗅覺皮層輸出調控並塑造獨特的全腦時空網絡

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후각망에서 전구체 출력과 피리폼 피질 출력은 뇌 전체의 시공간적 네트워크를 다르게 모집하고 형성하며, 노화된 뇌에서는 이러한 네트워크의 활성화가 감소하고 연결성이 손상된다.


후각-피질-출력은-뇌-전체의-시공간적-네트워크를-모집하고-형성한다


후각 피질 출력은 뇌 전체의 시공간적 네트워크를 모집하고 형성한다
