The 2021 Fagradalsfjall eruptions in Iceland involved fractional crystallization and significant crustal contamination, while the 2022 eruptions showed no evidence of crustal assimilation.
감람암에 기록된 초저산소 퍼텐셜은 고온 고대 맨틀의 대규모 용융 과정에서 발생한다.
Peridotites from the Gakkel Ridge and East Pacific Rise record oxygen fugacity (fO2) more than four orders of magnitude below the mantle average, indicating ancient, high-temperature melting events.