Infini-gram: Scaling Unbounded n-gram Language Models to a Trillion Tokens

Khái niệm cốt lõi

Modernizing n-gram language models by scaling the training data to 5 trillion tokens and extending the n-gram to be unbounded, enabling novel analyses of human-written and machine-generated text, and improving the performance of large neural language models.

Tóm tắt

The authors present the Infini-gram, a scalable engine for training and serving n-gram and ∞-gram language models on massive datasets. Key highlights:

They scale n-gram language models to 5 trillion tokens, the largest n-gram model ever built.
They introduce the ∞-gram language model, which allows n to be arbitrarily large, in contrast to traditional n-gram models that are limited to small n.
The Infini-gram engine powers the ∞-gram model using suffix arrays, enabling efficient storage and low-latency inference.
Analyses on human-written and machine-generated text show that ∞-gram has high accuracy in predicting the next token, outperforming conventional n-gram models.
Interpolating ∞-gram estimates with large neural language models can significantly reduce perplexity, demonstrating the complementary value of ∞-gram.
The authors provide a public interface to serve n-gram/∞-gram queries on large text corpora, enabling further research and applications.

Thống kê

The ∞-gram language model is trained on 5 trillion tokens, the largest n-gram model ever built.
The Infini-gram index takes 7 bytes of storage per token, and can be built on a 1.4 trillion token dataset in 2 days using 10 TB of disk storage.
The average inference latency for ∞-gram queries is under 200 milliseconds.

Trích dẫn

"Are n-gram language models still relevant in this era of neural large language models (LLMs)? Our answer is yes, and we showcase their values in both text analysis and improving neural LLMs."
"Instead of pre-computing n-gram count tables (which would be very expensive), we develop an engine named infini-gram—powered by suffix arrays—that can compute ∞-gram (as well as n-gram with arbitrary n) probabilities with millisecond-level latency."
"When analyzing machine-generated text, we also observe irregularities in the machine–∞-gram agreement level with respect to the suffix length, which indicates deficiencies in neural LLM pretraining and the positional embeddings of Transformers."

Thông tin chi tiết chính được chắt lọc từ

Infini-gram

by Jiacheng Liu... lúc arxiv.org 04-04-2024

https://arxiv.org/pdf/2401.17377.pdf

Yêu cầu sâu hơn

How can the ∞-gram model be further improved to better complement neural language models in open-ended text generation tasks?

The ∞-gram model can be enhanced to better complement neural language models in open-ended text generation tasks by focusing on a few key areas:

Improved Probability Estimation: Enhancing the probability estimation capabilities of the ∞-gram model can lead to more accurate predictions. This can involve refining the backoff mechanism to handle zero counts more effectively and incorporating more sophisticated smoothing techniques to handle sparse data better.

Integration of Contextual Information: Incorporating contextual information beyond just the immediate n-gram context can improve the model's ability to generate coherent and contextually relevant text. This can involve exploring methods like hierarchical modeling or attention mechanisms to capture broader context.

Fine-tuning on Diverse Data: Training the ∞-gram model on a diverse range of data sources can help it capture a wider variety of language patterns and nuances, making it more adaptable to different text generation tasks.

Hybrid Approaches: Experimenting with hybrid models that combine the strengths of both neural language models and the ∞-gram model can lead to more robust and accurate text generation. This can involve leveraging the strengths of each model in different parts of the text generation process.

How can the potential biases or limitations of the ∞-gram model be mitigated?

The ∞-gram model, like any language model, may have biases and limitations that can impact its performance. Here are some strategies to mitigate these biases and limitations:

Diverse Training Data: Ensuring that the training data used for the ∞-gram model is diverse and representative of different demographics, languages, and genres can help reduce biases inherent in the model.

Regular Evaluation and Bias Detection: Implementing regular evaluations of the model's outputs to detect and address biases. This can involve analyzing the model's predictions for sensitive or discriminatory language patterns.

Bias Mitigation Techniques: Implementing bias mitigation techniques such as debiasing algorithms or adversarial training to reduce the impact of biases in the model's predictions.

Transparency and Explainability: Enhancing the transparency and explainability of the model by providing insights into how decisions are made can help identify and address biases more effectively.

How can the insights from the ∞-gram analysis of human-written and machine-generated text be leveraged to advance the development of more robust and reliable language models?

The insights gained from the ∞-gram analysis of human-written and machine-generated text can be leveraged in the following ways to advance the development of more robust and reliable language models:

Model Fusion: Integrating the strengths of the ∞-gram model with neural language models to create hybrid models that combine the benefits of both approaches for improved performance.

Data Augmentation: Using the insights to augment training data for language models, ensuring that they are exposed to a diverse range of language patterns and contexts for better generalization.

Bias Detection and Mitigation: Applying the findings to develop better techniques for bias detection and mitigation in language models, leading to more fair and unbiased models.

Contextual Understanding: Leveraging the insights to enhance models' understanding of context and improve their ability to generate coherent and contextually relevant text across different domains and tasks.