
The bacterial microbiome of European earwig offspring undergoes substantial changes during development, which are not driven by moulting events but rather by stage-specific microbial niches. Maternal care also shapes the microbiome of offspring, with both short-term and long-term effects.


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The ecological success of insects often depends on their association with beneficial microbes. However, insect development involves repeated moults, which can have dramatic effects on their microbial communities. Here, we investigated whether and how moulting affects the microbiome of a hemimetabolous insect, and whether maternal care can modulate these effects. We reared European earwig juveniles with or without mothers and used 16S rRNA metabarcoding to analyse the prokaryotic fraction of the core microbiome of eggs, recently and old moulted individuals at four developmental stages and the resulting adults. The 218 samples obtained showed that the microbiome diversity changed non-linearly during development and that these changes were associated with bacterial biomarkers. Surprisingly, these changes did not occur during moulting, but rather between the beginning and end of certain developmental stages. We also found that access to maternal care affected the microbiome of both juveniles and adults, even when the last contact with mothers was two months before adulthood. Overall, these results provide new insights into our understanding of the (in)stability of the prokaryotic microbiome in hemimetabolous insects and its independence from moult. More generally, they question the role of microbiome acquisition through maternal care in maintaining family life in species where this behaviour is facultative.

### Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Microbiome turnover during offspring development varies with maternal care, but not moult, in a hemimetabolous insect

microbiome-dynamics-during-offspring-development-in-a-hemimetabolous-insect-the-role-of-moulting-and-maternal-care


Microbiome Dynamics During Offspring Development in a Hemimetabolous Insect: The Role of Moulting and Maternal Care
