
신경 회로도 분석을 통해 초파리 시각 체계의 기능을 예측할 수 있다.


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A study demonstrates the interpretation of a neuronal wiring diagram of the optic lobe of Drosophila, yielding theoretical predictions about visual functions of this structure.

Predicting visual function by interpreting a neuronal wiring diagram - Nature

신경-회로도-해석을-통한-시각-기능-예측


신경 회로도 해석을 통한 시각 기능 예측


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수초화는 신경 회로의 성숙과 안정화에 중요한 역할을 하며, 이는 시각 피질의 경험 의존적 신경 가소성을 제한한다.


Through genetic blocking of oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination in adolescent mice, we demonstrate that oligodendrocytes have a critical role in shaping the maturation and stabilization of visual cortical circuits.

Oligodendrocytes and myelin limit neuronal plasticity in visual cortex - Nature

청소년기-시각-피질의-수초화가-신경-가소성을-제한한다


청소년기 시각 피질의 수초화가 신경 가소성을 제한한다



성인 신경 발생 증가는 간질 발작 빈도를 줄이고 히러 모세포와 소마토스타틴 발현 신경세포를 보호한다.


Neurogenesis occurs in the adult brain in the hippocampal dentate gyrus, an area that contains neurons which are vulnerable to insults and injury, such as severe seizures. Previous studies showed that increasing adult neurogenesis reduced neuronal damage after these seizures. Because the damage typically is followed by chronic life-long seizures (epilepsy), we asked if increasing adult neurogenesis would prevent epilepsy. Adult neurogenesis was selectively increased by deleting the pro-apoptotic gene Bax from Nestin-expressing progenitors. Tamoxifen was administered at 6 weeks of age to conditionally delete Bax in Nestin-CreERT2 Bax fl/fl mice. Six weeks after tamoxifen administration, severe seizures (status epilepticus; SE) were induced by injection of the convulsant pilocarpine. After mice developed epilepsy, seizure frequency was quantified for 3 weeks. Mice with increased adult neurogenesis exhibited fewer chronic seizures. Postictal depression was reduced also. These results were primarily in female mice, possibly because they were the more affected by Bax deletion than males, consistent with sex differences in Bax . The female mice with enhanced adult neurogenesis also showed less neuronal loss of hilar mossy cells and hilar somatostatin-expressing neurons than wild type females or males, which is notable because these two hilar cell types are implicated in epileptogenesis. The results suggest that selective Bax deletion to increase adult neurogenesis can reduce experimental epilepsy, and the effect shows a striking sex difference. The results are surprising in light of past studies showing that suppressing adult-born neurons can also reduce chronic seizures.

### Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Increasing adult neurogenesis protects mice from epilepsy

성인-신경-발생-증가가-마우스의-간질을-보호한다


성인 신경 발생 증가가 마우스의 간질을 보호한다



신경 활성이 건강한 뇌에서 미세혈관 투과성을 변조하고 이는 국소 신경망 재구성에 관여한다.


Brain microvessels possess the unique properties of a blood-brain barrier (BBB), tightly regulating the passage of molecules from the blood to the brain neuropil and vice versa. In models of brain injury, BBB dysfunction and the associated leakage of serum albumin to the neuropil have been shown to induce pathological plasticity, neuronal hyper-excitability, and seizures. The effect of neuronal activity on BBB function and whether it plays a role in plasticity in the healthy brain remain unclear. Here we show that neuronal activity induces modulation of microvascular permeability in the healthy brain and that it has a role in local network reorganization. Combining simultaneous electrophysiological recording and vascular imaging with transcriptomic analysis in rats, and functional and BBB-mapping MRI in human subjects we show that prolonged stimulation of the limb induces a focal increase in BBB permeability in the corresponding somatosensory cortex that is associated with long-term synaptic plasticity. We further show that the increased microvascular permeability depends on neuronal activity and involves caveolae-mediated transcytosis and transforming growth factor beta signaling. Our results reveal a role of BBB modulation in cortical plasticity in the healthy brain, highlighting the importance of neurovascular interactions for sensory experience and learning.

### Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Cortical Plasticity is associated with Blood-Brain-Barrier Modulation

신경-활성이-혈액-뇌-장벽-변조와-관련되어-있음


신경 활성이 혈액-뇌 장벽 변조와 관련되어 있음



신경 활성을 안정적으로 기록하고 자유롭게 움직이는 동물에서 신경 세포를 추적할 수 있는 가벼운 만성 이식물을 개발했습니다.


Electrophysiology has proven invaluable to record neural activity, and the development of Neuropixels probes dramatically increased the number of recorded neurons. These probes are often implanted acutely, but acute recordings cannot be performed in freely moving animals and the recorded neurons cannot be tracked across days. To study key behaviors such as navigation, learning, and memory formation, the probes must be implanted chronically. An ideal chronic implant should (1) allow stable recordings of neurons for weeks; (2) allow reuse of the probes after explantation; (3) be light enough for use in mice. Here, we present the “Apollo Implant”, an open-source and editable device that meets these criteria and accommodates up to two Neuropixels 1.0 or 2.0 probes. The implant comprises a “payload” module which is attached to the probe and is recoverable, and a “docking” module which is cemented to the skull. The design is adjustable, making it easy to change the distance between probes, the angle of insertion, and the depth of insertion. We tested the implant across eight labs in head-fixed mice, freely moving mice, and freely moving rats. The number of neurons recorded across days was stable, even after repeated implantations of the same probe. The Apollo implant provides an inexpensive, lightweight, and flexible solution for reusable chronic Neuropixels recordings.

### Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

An adaptable, reusable, and light implant for chronic Neuropixels probes

신경-픽셀-프로브를-위한-재사용-가능하고-유연하며-가벼운-만성-이식물


신경 픽셀 프로브를 위한 재사용 가능하고 유연하며 가벼운 만성 이식물



주의 깊음은 감도 구성 요소만 선택적으로 손상시키고 편향 구성 요소는 영향을 미치지 않는다. 감도 결핍과 변별 결핍은 각각 다른 신경 표지자와 연관된다.


The attentional blink reflects a ubiquitous bottleneck with selecting and processing the second of two targets that occur in close temporal proximity. An extensive literature has examined the attention blink as a unitary phenomenon, As a result, which specific component of attention – perceptual sensitivity or choice bias – is compromised during the attentional blink, and their respective neural bases, remains unknown. Here, we address this question with a multialternative task and novel signal detection model, which decouples sensitivity from bias effects. We find that the attentional blink impairs specifically one component of attention – sensitivity – while leaving the other component – bias – unaffected. Distinct neural markers of the attentional blink mapped on to distinct subcomponents of the sensitivity deficits. Parieto-occipital N2p and P3 potential amplitudes characterized target detection deficits whereas long-range high-beta band (20-30 Hz) coherence between frontoparietal electrodes signalled target discrimination deficits. We synthesized these results with representational geometry analysis. The analysis revealed that detection and discrimination deficits were encoded along separable neural dimensions, whose configural distances robustly correlated with the neural markers of each. Overall, these findings shed new light on subcomponents of the attentional blink, and reveal dissociable neural bases underlying its detection and discrimination bottlenecks.

Lay summary In daily life, our attention switches rapidly between different objects. For example, when driving, we may shift focus from a billboard on the roadside to a pedestrian in front, in quick succession. Yet, our ability to process the second object is severely compromised especially when it appears soon after the first: an impairment called the “attentional blink”. In previous work, the attentional blink has been studied essentially as a “monolithic” (indivisible) phenomenon. We design a behavioral model to divide the attentional blink into sub-components and show that the blink affects only one specific component (sensitivity). We also identify key neural markers for deficits associated with this component. Our findings may aid in understanding the neural origins of attention deficit disorders.

### Competing Interest Statement

Devarajan Sridharan is a research consultant at Google.

Distinct neural bases of subcomponents of the attentional blink

주의-깊음의-하위-구성-요소에-대한-뚜렷한-신경-기반


주의 깊음의 하위 구성 요소에 대한 뚜렷한 신경 기반



그래프 신경망은 기능성 자기공명영상 데이터를 모델링하는 데 널리 사용되며, 최근 연구에서는 더 정교한 그래프 신경망 설계와 두드러진 특징을 통해 질병 분류 성능이 크게 향상되었다. 이 리뷰에서는 그래프 신경망과 모델 설명 기법을 사용하여 기능성 자기공명영상 데이터에서 신경 퇴행성 질환과 신경정신과적 질환의 생체표지자를 발견하는 연구를 개괄한다. 대부분의 연구에서 성능이 좋은 모델을 제시했지만, 이러한 연구 간에 발견된 두드러진 특징이 크게 다르며, 이들의 강건성을 평가하는 연구는 부족한 실정이다. 이를 해결하기 위해 강건한 생체표지자를 도출하기 위한 새로운 표준을 수립할 것을 제안한다.


신경-질환의-기능성-자기공명영상을-이용한-강건한-생체표지자-발견-리뷰


신경 질환의 기능성 자기공명영상을 이용한 강건한 생체표지자 발견: 리뷰
