
Listeners rationally consider the speaker's identity during spoken language comprehension, integrating social stereotypes or revising biological knowledge to arrive at an interpretation.


coremsg

neurophysiological-correlates-of-speaker-contextualized-language-comprehension-rational-integration-of-social-stereotypes-and-biological-knowledge


Neurophysiological Correlates of Speaker-Contextualized Language Comprehension: Rational Integration of Social Stereotypes and Biological Knowledge


title_rewrite


Spatial attention is dynamically deployed within the mental representation of visual working memory, not only in response to predictive cues, but also following expected and unexpected memory tests. Unexpected memory tests prolong the duration of this attentional re-orienting, but do not delay its onset.


A classic distinction from the domain of external attention is that between anticipatory orienting and subsequent re-orienting of attention to unexpected events. Whether and how humans also re-orient attention ‘in mind’ following expected and unexpected working-memory tests remains elusive. We leveraged spatial modulations in neural activity and gaze to isolate re-orienting within the spatial layout of visual working memory following central memory tests of certain, expected, or unexpected mnemonic content. Besides internal orienting after predictive cues, we unveil a second stage of internal attentional deployment following both expected and unexpected memory tests. Following expected tests, internal attentional deployment was not contingent on prior orienting, suggesting an additional verification – “double checking” – in memory. Following unexpected tests, re-focusing of alternative memory content was prolonged. This brings attentional re-orienting to the domain of working memory and underscores how memory tests can invoke either a verification or a revision of our internal focus.

### Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

All data and analysis scripts are publicly available in the OSF: <https://osf.io/5wexp/>.

Re-focusing visual working memory during expected and unexpected memory tests

spatial-attentional-dynamics-in-visual-working-memory-orienting-re-orienting-and-verification-following-expected-and-unexpected-memory-tests


Spatial Attentional Dynamics in Visual Working Memory: Orienting, Re-orienting, and Verification Following Expected and Unexpected Memory Tests



인간은 변화하는 환경에 빠르게 적응할 수 있는 탁월한 인지 능력을 가지고 있으며, 이는 세상의 규칙성을 활용하여 일반화를 지원하는 고수준의 추상적 표상을 형성할 수 있는 능력에 기인한다.


A task in which participants learned to perform inference led to the formation of hippocampal representations whose geometric properties&nbsp;reflected the latent structure of the task, indicating that abstract or disentangled neural&nbsp;representations are important for complex cognition.

Abstract representations emerge in human hippocampal neurons during inference - Nature

인간-해마-신경세포에서-추론-과정-중-추상적-표상이-출현한다


인간 해마 신경세포에서 추론 과정 중 추상적 표상이 출현한다



人間の海馬ニューロンは、推論を行う際に、観察可能な変数と潜在的変数を抽象的かつ分離された形式で表現する。


人間の海馬ニューロンにおいて推論中に抽象的な表現が出現する


思春期から成人期にかけての持続的注意力に関する脳ネットワークの強さが、その後のタバコとカンナビスの使用の増加を予測する。


Substance use, including cigarettes and cannabis, is associated with poorer sustained attention in late adolescence and early adulthood. Previous studies were predominantly cross-sectional or under-powered and could not indicate if impairment in sustained attention was a predictor of substance-use or a marker of the inclination to engage in such behaviour. This study explored the relationship between sustained attention and substance use across a longitudinal span from ages 14 to 23 in over 1,000 participants. Behaviours and brain connectivity associated with diminished sustained attention at age 14 predicted subsequent increases in cannabis and cigarette smoking, establishing sustained attention as a robust biomarker for vulnerability to substance use. Individual differences in network strength relevant to sustained attention were preserved across developmental stages and sustained attention networks generalized to participants in an external dataset. In summary, brain networks of sustained attention are robust, consistent, and able to predict aspects of later substance use.

Teaser A robust brain network for sustained attention at age 14 predicts cigarette and cannabis use from ages 14 to 23.

### Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

A robust brain network for sustained attention from adolescence to adulthood that predicts later substance use

持続的注意力に関する頑健な脳ネットワークが思春期から成人期にかけて持続し-その後の物質使用を予測する


持続的注意力に関する頑健な脳ネットワークが思春期から成人期にかけて持続し、その後の物質使用を予測する



Children show less robust memory consolidation and differential neural upregulation for remote versus recent memories compared to young adults. Both children and adults exhibit decreased scene-specific neural reinstatement over time, but children rely more on gist-like neural reinstatement in anterior hippocampal and medial prefrontal regions.


RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS 

Memory consolidation tends to be less robust in childhood than adulthood. However, little is known about the corresponding functional differences in the developing brain that may underlie age-related differences in retention of memories over time. This study examined system-level memory consolidation of object-scene associations after learning (immediate delay), one night of sleep (short delay), as well as two weeks (long delay) in 5-to-7-year-old children (n = 49) and in young adults (n = 39), as a reference group with mature consolidation systems. Particularly, we characterized how functional neural activation and reinstatement of neural patterns change over time, assessed by functional magnetic resonance imaging combined with representational similarity analysis (RSA). Our results showed that memory consolidation in children was less robust and strong (i.e., more forgetting) compared to young adults. Contrasting correctly retained remote versus recent memories across time delay, children showed less upregulation in posterior parahippocampal gyrus, lateral occipital cortex, and cerebellum than adults. In addition, both children and adults showed decrease in scene-specific neural reinstatement over time, indicating time-related decay of detailed differentiated memories. At the same time, we observed more generic gist-like neural reinstatement in medial-temporal and prefrontal brain regions uniquely in children, indicating qualitative difference in memory trace in children. Taken together, 5-to-7-year-old children, compared to young adults, show less robust memory consolidation, possibly due to difficulties in engaging in differentiated neural reinstatement in neocortical mnemonic regions during retrieval of remote memories, coupled with relying more on gist-like generic neural reinstatement.

### Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Neural Correlates and Reinstatement of Recent and Remote Memory: A Comparison Between Children and Young Adults

neural-consolidation-and-reinstatement-of-recent-and-remote-memories-in-children-compared-to-young-adults


Neural Consolidation and Reinstatement of Recent and Remote Memories in Children Compared to Young Adults



Humans, but not monkeys, exhibit spontaneous reversal of learned associations between arbitrary symbols and objects, suggesting a human-specific brain network capable of reversible symbolic reference.


The emergence of symbolic thinking has been proposed as a dominant cognitive criterion to distinguish humans from other primates during hominization. Although the proper definition of a symbol has been the subject of much debate, one of its simplest features is bidirectional attachment: the content is accessible from the symbol, and vice versa. Behavioural observations scattered over the past four decades suggest that this criterion might not be met in non-human primates, as they fail to generalise an association learned in one temporal order (A to B) to the reverse order (B to A). Here, we designed an implicit fMRI test to investigate the neural mechanisms of arbitrary audio-visual and visual-visual pairing in monkeys and humans and probe their spontaneous reversibility. After learning a unidirectional association, humans showed surprise signals when this learned association was violated. Crucially, this effect occurred spontaneously in both learned and reversed directions, within an extended network of high-level brain areas, including, but also going beyond, the language network. In monkeys, by contrast, violations of association effects occurred solely in the learned direction and were largely confined to sensory areas. We propose that a human-specific brain network may have evolved the capacity for reversible symbolic reference.

### Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Brain areas for reversible symbolic reference, a potential singularity of the human brain

reversible-symbolic-associations-a-potential-marker-of-human-specific-brain-mechanisms


Reversible Symbolic Associations: A Potential Marker of Human-Specific Brain Mechanisms



Memory reactivation triggers distinct short-term and long-term fear amnesia mechanisms, which are dissociable from the amnesia related to memory reconsolidation.


Memory reactivation renders consolidated memory fragile and preludes memory reconsolidation. However, whether memory retrieval facilitates update mechanisms other than memory reconsolidation remains unclear. We tested this hypothesis in three experiments with healthy human participants. First, we demonstrate that memory reactivation prevents the return of fear shortly after extinction training in contrast to the memory reconsolidation effect which takes several hours to emerge and such a short-term amnesia effect is cue independent (Study 1, N = 57 adults). Furthermore, memory reactivation also triggers fear memory reconsolidation and produces cue-specific amnesia at a longer and separable timescale (Study 2, N = 79 adults). Finally, using continuous theta-burst stimulation (Study 3, N = 75 adults), we directly manipulated brain activities in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and found that both memory retrieval and intact prefrontal cortex functions were necessary for the short-term fear amnesia. The temporal scale and cue-specificity results of the short-term fear amnesia are clearly dissociable from the amnesia related to memory reconsolidation, and suggest that memory retrieval and extinction training trigger distinct underlying memory update mechanisms. These findings raise the possibility of concerted memory modulation processes related to memory retrieval and shed light to clinical treatment of persistent maladaptive memory.

### Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Dissociable memory modulation mechanisms facilitate fear amnesia at different timescales

memory-reactivation-triggers-distinct-short-term-and-long-term-fear-amnesia-mechanisms-in-healthy-humans


Memory Reactivation Triggers Distinct Short-Term and Long-Term Fear Amnesia Mechanisms in Healthy Humans



공유 구조를 활용하여 제한된 작업 기억 용량을 효율적으로 활용할 수 있다.


Daily experiences often involve the processing of multiple sequences, yet storing them challenges the limited capacity of working memory (WM). To achieve efficient memory storage, relational structures shared by sequences would be leveraged to reorganize and compress information. Here, participants memorized a sequence of items with different colors and spatial locations and later reproduced the full color and location sequences one after another. Crucially, we manipulated the consistency between location and color sequence trajectories. First, sequences with consistent trajectories demonstrate improved memory performance and a trajectory correlation between reproduced color and location sequences. Second, sequences with consistent trajectories show neural reactivation of common trajectories, and display spontaneous replay of color sequences when recalling locations. Finally, neural reactivation correlates with WM behavior. Our findings suggest that shared common structure is leveraged for storage of multiple sequences through compressed encoding and neural replay, together facilitating efficient information organization in WM.

### Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Shared structure facilitates working memory of multiple sequences

기억-용량-제한을-극복하기-위해-공유-구조를-활용한-다중-순서-작업-기억-처리


기억 용량 제한을 극복하기 위해 공유 구조를 활용한 다중 순서 작업 기억 처리



Shared spatial trajectories across feature domains are spontaneously leveraged to facilitate working memory storage of multiple sequences through compressed encoding and neural replay.


shared-spatial-trajectories-facilitate-working-memory-of-multiple-sequences-through-neural-replay


Shared Spatial Trajectories Facilitate Working Memory of Multiple Sequences Through Neural Replay
