Causal Inference between El Niño-Southern Oscillation and Indian Ocean Dipole using Linear Inverse Modeling with White and Colored Noise

The causality between ENSO and IOD is mutual but asymmetric, with the causality map reflecting an ENSO-like pattern. Modeling the environmental noise as colored noise reveals a hotspot of noise memory in the Niño 3 region, which is further related to the information flow.