
視床は、手がかりとルールの不確実性を別々に表現することで、環境変化に対するエラー処理を可能にし、前頭葉の再構成を促進することで柔軟な意思決定を可能にする。


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By examining neural responses from tree shrews performing hierarchical decision tasks with rule reversals, the authors identify a thalamocortical mechanism for regulating cognitive flexibility.

Prefrontal transthalamic uncertainty processing drives flexible switching - Nature

前頭前視床不確実性処理が柔軟な切り替えを促進する

title_rewrite


疲れた脳は、起きていても重要な意思決定や感情を司る部分が局所的に「睡眠状態」になるため、十分な睡眠をとることでより良い判断ができる。


When your brain is fatigued, parts of it fall asleep, messing with your emotions and decision-making ability

Brain Study Reveals Why ‘Sleep on It’ is Great Advice

-一晩寝てから決めた方がいい-は本当だった-脳の研究で明らかに


「一晩寝てから決めた方がいい」は本当だった！脳の研究で明らかに



視床下部の神経細胞において、空腹を促進する NPY と満腹を促進するαMSH という神経ペプチドが cAMP 濃度を介して競合的に作用し、摂食行動と飽和感を制御している。


Release of hunger-promoting and satiety-promoting neuropeptides drives opposing changes in the&nbsp;second messenger cAMP in awake mouse paraventricular hypothalamic MC4R neurons, thereby regulating synaptic plasticity and the transition to satiety with each bite of food.

Stochastic neuropeptide signals compete to calibrate the rate of satiation - Nature

食欲を制御する神経ペプチド信号の競合と飽和への影響


マウスの中心扁桃体における神経細胞活動の観察から、大部分のニューロンが刺激の快・不快といった感情価を符号化し、一部のニューロンが刺激の重要度を示す顕著性を符号化する役割を担っていることが明らかになった。


The central amygdala (CeA) has emerged as an important brain region for regulating both negative (fear and anxiety) and positive (reward) affective behaviors. The CeA has been proposed to encode affective information in the form of valence (whether the stimulus is good or bad) or salience (how significant is the stimulus), but the extent to which these two types of stimulus representation occur in the CeA is not known. Here, we used single cell calcium imaging in mice during appetitive and aversive conditioning and found that majority of CeA neurons (~65%) encode the valence of the unconditioned stimulus (US) with a smaller subset of cells (~15%) encoding the salience of the US. Valence and salience encoding of the conditioned stimulus (CS) was also observed, albeit to a lesser extent. These findings show that the CeA is a site of convergence for encoding oppositely valenced US information.

### Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Valence and Salience Encoding in the Central Amygdala

中心扁桃体における感情価と顕著性の符号化


意識のグローバルワークスペース内で「思考の種」と呼ばれる自己組織化された身体化された知識のユニットの動的な相互作用から、認知が出現するという新しい理論的フレームワークが提案されています。


ニューロンパケットから思考の種へ-グローバルワークスペースにおける身体化認知の階層モデル


ニューロンパケットから思考の種へ：グローバルワークスペースにおける身体化認知の階層モデル



人間の嗅覚処理において、梨状皮質、扁桃体、嗅内皮質、海馬などの脳領域が重要な役割を果たしており、これらの領域のニューロンは匂いの識別、感情的な関連付け、記憶の符号化に寄与している。


Human&nbsp;piriform and mediotemporal&nbsp;neurons encode odours, and signal how&nbsp;we perceive, rate and identify scents.

Single-neuron representations of odours in the human brain - Nature

人間の脳における匂いの単一ニューロン表現


メタンフェタミンは、特にベースラインのパフォーマンスが低い人において、予測誤差からの学習率の動的な調整を促進し、学習の柔軟性を向上させる可能性がある。


The ability to calibrate learning according to new information is a fundamental component of an organism’s ability to adapt to changing conditions. Yet, the exact neural mechanisms guiding dynamic learning rate adjustments remain unclear. Catecholamines appear to play a critical role in adjusting the degree to which we use new information over time, but individuals vary widely in the manner in which they adjust to changes. Here, we studied the effects of a low dose of methamphetamine (MA), and individual differences in these effects, on probabilistic reversal learning dynamics in a within-subject, double-blind, randomized design. Participants first completed a reversal learning task during a drug-free baseline session to provide a measure of baseline performance. Then they completed the task during two sessions, one with MA (20 mg oral) and one with placebo (PL). First, we showed that, relative to PL, MA modulates the ability to dynamically adjust learning from prediction errors. Second, this effect was more pronounced in participants who performed poorly at baseline. These results present novel evidence for the involvement of catecholaminergic transmission on learning flexibility and highlights that baseline performance modulates the effect of the drug.

### Competing Interest Statement

HdW is on the Board of Directors of PharmAla Biotech, and on scientific advisory committees of Gilgamesh Pharmaceuticals and MIND Foundation. These activities are unrelated to the present study. The other authors report no competing interests.

Methamphetamine-induced adaptation of learning rate dynamics depend on baseline performance

ベースラインパフォーマンスに依存する-メタンフェタミン誘発性の学習率ダイナミクスの適応


ベースラインパフォーマンスに依存する、メタンフェタミン誘発性の学習率ダイナミクスの適応



視床下核は皮質-皮質間の機能的・構造的結合を反映する多重の表現を有しており、その組織化は神経伝達物質受容体の発現パターンと密接に関連している。


The pulvinar, the largest nucleus in the human thalamus, is a complex, highly interconnected structure. Through a dense, organized network of cortical and subcortical areas, it provides adequate cooperation between neural systems, which is crucial for multiple high-order functions such as perception, visuospatial attention, and emotional processing. Such a central role is made possible by a precise internal topographical organization, which is mirrored by anatomical connections as well as by the expression of neurochemical markers. While being traditionally subdivided into sub-nuclei, each characterized by distinct connectional and morphological features, recent studies in both primate and human brains have highlighted that this topographical organization only marginally aligns with the conventional histological subdivision. Instead, it has been delineated in the context of continuous gradients of cortical connections along the dorsoventral and mediolateral axes. While this multi-gradient organization has been extensively documented in primate models, it remains relatively underexplored in the human brain. The present work combines high-quality, multi-modal structural and functional imaging data with a recently published whole-brain, large-scale, positron emission tomography (PET) atlas detailing 19 neurotransmitters and receptors distributed across the human brain. By applying diffusion embedding analysis to tractography, functional connectivity, and receptor coexpression data, we identify and characterize multiple topographically organized gradients of structural connections, functional coactivation, and molecular binding patterns. We demonstrate that such gradients converge on a shared representation along the dorsoventral and mediolateral axes of the human pulvinar. This representation aligns with transitions in both structural and functional connectivity, spanning from lower-level to higher-order cortical regions. Moreover, it is paralleled by gradual changes in the expression of molecular markers associated with key neuromodulator systems, including serotoninergic, noradrenergic, dopaminergic, and opioid systems. We contend that our findings mark a significant stride towards a more comprehensive understanding of pulvinar anatomy and function, providing a nuanced characterization of its role in health and disease.

### Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

The replication principle revisited: a shared functional organization between pulvinar-cortical and cortico-cortical connectivity and its structural and molecular imaging correlates

人間の視床下核の複雑な機能的-構造的組織化と分子イメージングの相関


人間の視床下核の複雑な機能的・構造的組織化と分子イメージングの相関



予測符号化アルゴリズムを用いることで、生物学的に妥当な方法で格子細胞が自然に発現する。


格子細胞の予測符号化による学習


個々の神経細胞は時間的に異なる刺激を切り替えてエンコーディングすることができ、これは神経符号化の一つの説明となる。


神経スイッチングのドリフト拡散モデルによるモデリング