
새끼 금매부리수리의 온톨로지 과정에 따라 에너지 효율적인 비행이 가능한 지역이 점차 확대된다.


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The heterogeneity of the physical environment determines the cost of transport for animals, shaping their energy landscape. Animals respond to this energy landscape by adjusting their distribution and movement to maximize gains and reduce movement costs. Much of our current knowledge about energy landscape dynamics focuses on factors external to the animal, particularly the spatio-temporal variations of the environment. However, an animal’s internal state can significantly impact its ability to perceive and utilize the available energy, creating a distinction between the “fundamental” and the “realized” energy landscapes. Here we show that the realized energy landscape varies along the onto-genetic axis. Locomotor and cognitive capabilities of individuals change over time, especially during the early life stages. We investigate the development of the realized energy landscape in the Central European Alpine population of the golden eagle Aquila chrysaetos , a large predator that requires negotiating the atmospheric environment to achieve energy-efficient soaring flight. We quantified weekly energy landscapes using environmental features for 55 juvenile golden eagles, demonstrating that energetic costs of traversing the landscape decreased as the birds aged. In fact, the potentially flyable area within the Alpine region increased 2,170-fold during their first three years of independence. Our work contributes to achieving a predictive understanding of animal movement behaviors by presenting ontogeny as a mechanism shaping the realized energy landscape.

### Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Developmental stage determines the realized energy landscape for a flight specialist

새로운-기술-습득이-온톨로지-과정에서-에너지-경관을-변화시킨다


새로운 기술 습득이 온톨로지 과정에서 에너지 경관을 변화시킨다


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꿀벌은 연속된 줄과 단절된 줄을 구분할 수 있지만, 이는 수단-목적 이해보다는 이미지 매칭에 기반한다.


Bumblebees ( Bombus terrestris ) have been shown to engage in string-pulling behavior to access rewards. The objective of this study was to elucidate whether bumblebees display a means-end comprehension in string-pulling task. We presented bumblebees with tasks involving choosing between two options: one where a string is connected to an artificial flower containing a reward and the other involving interrupted strings. Surprisingly, bumblebees displayed a consistent preference for pulling connected strings over interrupted ones after training with a stepwise pulling technique. Intriguingly, when exposed to novel string colors, bees continued to exhibit a bias towards pulling the connected string. This suggests that bumblebees engage in featural generalization of the visual display of the string connected to the flower in this task. When the bumblebees were confronted with coiled connected strings during the testing phase, they failed to identify and reject interrupted strings. This finding underscores the significance of visual consistency in enabling the bumblebees to perform the task successfully. Our results suggest that bumblebees to distinguish between continuous strings and interrupted strings relies on a combination of image matching and associative learning, rather than means-end understanding. These insights contribute to a deeper understanding of the cognitive processes employed by bumblebees when tackling complex spatial tasks.

### Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Does bumblebee preference of continuous over interrupted strings in string-pulling tasks indicate means-end comprehension?

꿀벌의-연속-및-단절-줄-당기기-선호도가-수단-목적-이해를-나타내는가-


꿀벌의 연속 및 단절 줄 당기기 선호도가 수단-목적 이해를 나타내는가?
