gender-bias-evaluation-in-machine-translation-systems

sa-mixnet-structure-aware-mixup-and-invariance-learning-for-scribble-supervised-road-extraction-in-remote-sensing-images

대규모-언어-모델의-양자화된-압축성에-대한-연구

eine-neuartige-dynamische-lichtschnitt-3d-rekonstruktionsmethode-für-weitbereichssensoren

긴-꼬리-지식을-위한-자동-질문-답변-생성

sa-mixnet-strukturbewusstes-mixup-und-invarianzlernen-für-die-scribble-überwachte-straßenextraktion-in-fernerkundungsbildern

automatische-frage-antwort-generierung-für-long-tail-wissen

die-komprimierbarkeit-von-quantisierten-großen-sprachmodellen


자가항체로 인해 중추신경계에 영향을 미치는 새로운 형태의 B12 결핍이 발견되었다.


coremsg

An autoantibody targeting CD320 is thought to impair the transport of B12 across the blood-brain barrier by targeting receptors on the cell surface, ultimately leading to B12 deficiency.

Form of B12 Deficiency in CNS May Be New Autoimmune Disease

자가면역-질환으로-인한-b12-결핍의-새로운-형태-발견


자가면역 질환으로 인한 B12 결핍의 새로운 형태 발견


title_rewrite


오렉신/하이포크레틴 신경세포의 활성은 섭식 접근 행동과 관련되며, 복측 선조체-담창구 복합체로부터의 억제성 입력에 의해 조절된다.


Reward-seeking involves the engagement and computation of multiple physiological and motivational parameters. The lateral hypothalamus (LH) is a necessary node in the circuits that control food-seeking and motivation. One group of cells that plays an important yet incompletely understood role in these processes are the orexin/hypocretin (OX/HT) neurons. OX/HT cells are located exclusively within the LH and are implicated in feeding, arousal, and reward-seeking behavior. Importantly, the role of OX/HT neurons in consummatory versus reward-seeking actions is not fully defined, nor are the circuits that control the activity of these neurons under different behavioral states. Here we show that OX/HT neurons respond in real time to food presentation and that this response is modulated by differences in metabolic state. We observed increased OX/HT neuron activity on approach to food, but this activity trended towards pre-approach levels by the start of the consummatory phase. Next, we studied ventrostriatopallidal (VSP) inputs to the OX/HT neurons. Using optogenetics and cell type-specific electrophysiology, we found that ventral pallidum inputs onto OX/HT neurons exert strong inhibitory (and weak excitatory) effects whereas the lateral nucleus accumbens shell provides weaker direct inhibitory connections with OX/HT neurons. These findings reveal that the activity of OX/HT neurons is strongly modulated by metabolic and hedonic state. Further, OX/HT neurons is primarily associated with food approach and that the effect of VSP-terminal output is to suppress OX/HT activity.

### Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Neurons in the ventral striatopallidal complex modulate lateral hypothalamic orexin/hypocretin neuron activity: Implications for reward-seeking

식이-섭취-행동에-대한-복측-선조체-오렉신-하이포크레틴-회로의-조절


식이 섭취 행동에 대한 복측 선조체-오렉신/하이포크레틴 회로의 조절



알코올 섭취에 따른 성별 차이를 보여주며, 특히 전방 섬엽 피질에서 등쪽 가쪽 선조체로의 시냅스 전달 변화가 성별에 따라 다르게 나타난다.


How does alcohol consumption alter synaptic transmission across time, and do these alcohol-induced neuroadaptations occur similarly in both male and female mice? Previous work shows that anterior insular cortex (AIC) projections to the dorsolateral striatum (DLS) are uniquely sensitive to alcohol-induced neuroadaptations in male, but not female mice, and play a role in governing binge alcohol consumption in male mice. Here, by using high-resolution behavior data paired with in-vivo fiber photometry, we show how similar levels of alcohol intake are achieved via different behavioral strategies across sex, and how inter-drinking session thirst states predict future alcohol intakes in females, but not males. Further, we show how presynaptic calcium activity recorded from AIC synaptic inputs in the DLS across 3 weeks of water consumption followed by 3 weeks of binge alcohol consumption change across, fluid, time, sex, and brain circuit lateralization. By time-locking presynaptic calcium activity from AIC inputs to the DLS to peri-initiation of drinking events we also show that AIC inputs into the left DLS robustly encode binge alcohol intake behaviors relative to water consumption and AIC inputs into the right DLS in males, but not females. These findings suggest a fluid-, sex- and lateralization-dependent role for the engagement of AIC inputs into the DLS that encode binge alcohol consumption behaviors and further contextualize alcohol-induced neuroadaptations at AIC inputs to the DLS.

### Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Sex-dependent, lateralized engagement of anterior insular cortex inputs to the dorsolateral striatum in binge alcohol drinking

알코올-섭취에-따른-성별-차이-전방-섬엽-피질에서-등쪽-가쪽-선조체로의-시냅스-전달-변화


알코올 섭취에 따른 성별 차이: 전방 섬엽 피질에서 등쪽 가쪽 선조체로의 시냅스 전달 변화



개인의 유전적 배경이 신경독성 물질에 대한 감수성의 중요한 매개체일 수 있으며, 다수 공여자 유래 뇌 키메라는 이러한 개인차를 연구하는 데 활용될 수 있다.


An analysis in 3D multidonor Chimeroids—a scalable multidonor human brain organoid model—shows that human genetic background may be an important mediator of neurotoxin susceptibility.

Brain Chimeroids reveal individual susceptibility to neurotoxic triggers - Nature

개인의-신경독성-유발-물질에-대한-감수성을-보여주는-뇌-키메라


개인의 신경독성 유발 물질에 대한 감수성을 보여주는 뇌 키메라



이 연구는 성체 암컷 초파리 복부 신경 줄기의 신경 회로를 자동화된 도구를 사용하여 매핑하고, 다리와 날개 운동 뉴런의 근육 표적을 확인함으로써 행동 조절 메커니즘을 이해하고자 한다.


Automated reconstruction of dense neural networks in the ventral nerve cord of the fruit fly provides a resource for investigating the neural control of movement.

Connectomic reconstruction of a female Drosophila ventral nerve cord - Nature

성체-암컷-초파리-복부-신경-줄기의-연결체-재구성


성체 암컷 초파리 복부 신경 줄기의 연결체 재구성



급성 고지방식이는 미세아교세포의 급격한 대사 활성화를 유발하며, 이는 전신 대사 조절과 공간 기억 및 학습 능력 향상에 필수적이다.


Chronic high-fat feeding triggers chronic metabolic dysfunction including obesity, insulin resistance, and diabetes. How high-fat intake first triggers these pathophysiological states remains unknown. Here, we identify an acute microglial metabolic response that rapidly translates intake of high-fat diet (HFD) to a surprisingly beneficial effect on metabolism and spatial / learning memory. High-fat intake rapidly increases palmitate levels in cerebrospinal fluid and triggers a wave of microglial metabolic activation characterized by mitochondrial membrane activation and fission as well as metabolic skewing towards aerobic glycolysis. These effects are detectable throughout the brain and can be detected within as little as 12 hours of HFD exposure. In vivo, microglial ablation and conditional DRP1 deletion show that the microglial metabolic response is necessary for the acute effects of HFD. 13C-tracing experiments reveal that in addition to processing via β-oxidation, microglia shunt a substantial fraction of palmitate towards anaplerosis and re-release of bioenergetic carbons into the extracellular milieu in the form of lactate, glutamate, succinate, and intriguingly, the neuro-protective metabolite itaconate. Together, these data identify microglia as a critical nutrient regulatory node in the brain, metabolizing away harmful fatty acids and releasing the same carbons as alternate bioenergetic and protective substrates for surrounding cells. The data identify a surprisingly beneficial effect of short-term HFD on learning and memory.

![Figure][1]</img>

### Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

 [1]: pending:yes

An acute microglial metabolic response controls metabolism and improves memory

급격한-미세아교세포-대사-반응이-대사를-조절하고-기억력을-향상시킨다


급격한 미세아교세포 대사 반응이 대사를 조절하고 기억력을 향상시킨다



다중 전극 어레이를 이용하여 정밀하고 반복 가능한 전해질 병변을 생성하고, 이를 통해 신경 활동과 행동의 인과관계를 규명할 수 있는 기술을 개발하였다.


Lesion studies have historically been instrumental for establishing causal connections between brain and behavior. They stand to provide additional insight if integrated with multielectrode techniques common in systems neuroscience. Here we present and test a platform for creating electrolytic lesions through chronically implanted, intracortical multielectrode probes without compromising the ability to acquire neuroelectrophysiology. A custom-built current source provides stable current and allows for controlled, repeatable lesions in awake-behaving animals. Performance of this novel lesioning technique was validated using histology from ex vivo and in vivo testing, current and voltage traces from the device, and measurements of spiking activity before and after lesioning. This electrolytic lesioning method avoids disruptive procedures, provides millimeter precision over the extent and submillimeter precision over the location of the injury, and permits electrophysiological recording of single-unit activity from the remaining neuronal population after lesioning. This technique can be used in many areas of cortex, in several species, and theoretically with any multielectrode probe. The low-cost, external lesioning device can also easily be adopted into an existing electrophysiology recording setup. This technique is expected to enable future causal investigations of the recorded neuronal population’s role in neuronal circuit function, while simultaneously providing new insight into local reorganization after neuron loss.

### Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Neuroelectrophysiology-Compatible Electrolytic Lesioning

다중-전극-어레이를-통한-전해질-병변-생성-기술-개발


다중 전극 어레이를 통한 전해질 병변 생성 기술 개발



초기 생애 전대상피질 손상은 사회적 접촉 발성의 발달을 저해하며, 이는 하위 뇌 영역인 편도체와 중간뇌 회색질의 구조적 변화와 관련이 있다.


The social dynamics of vocal behavior has major implications for social development in humans. We asked whether early life damage to the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), which is closely associated with socioemotional regulation more broadly, impacts the normal development of vocal expression. The common marmoset provides a unique opportunity to study the developmental trajectory of vocal behavior, and to track the consequences of early brain damage on aspects of social vocalizations. We created ACC lesions in neonatal marmosets and compared their pattern of vocalization to that of age-matched controls throughout the first 6 weeks of life. We found that while early life ACC lesions had little influence on the production of vocal calls, developmental changes to the quality of social contact calls and their associated syntactical and acoustic characteristics were compromised. These animals made fewer social contact calls, and when they did, they were short, loud and monotonic. We further determined that damage to ACC in infancy results in a permanent alteration in downstream brain areas known to be involved in social vocalizations, such as the amygdala and periaqueductal gray. Namely, in the adult, these structures exhibited diminished GABA-immunoreactivity relative to control animals, likely reflecting disruption of the normal inhibitory balance following ACC deafferentation. Together, these data indicate that the normal development of social vocal behavior depends on the ACC and its interaction with other areas in the vocal network during early life.

### Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Cingulate cortex shapes early postnatal development of social vocalizations

초기-생애-전대상피질-손상이-사회적-발성의-발달에-미치는-영향


초기 생애 전대상피질 손상이 사회적 발성의 발달에 미치는 영향



화학유전학적 도구를 이용하여 퍼킨제 세포의 활성화 및 제거가 자유 헤엄치는 치어 송사리의 자세 조절에 미치는 영향을 규명하였다.


Cerebellar dysfunction leads to postural instability. Recent work in freely moving rodents has transformed investigations of cerebellar contributions to posture. However, the combined complexity of terrestrial locomotion and the rodent cerebellum motivate development of new approaches to perturb cerebellar function in simpler vertebrates. Here, we used a powerful chemogenetic tool (TRPV1/capsaicin) to define the role of Purkinje cells — the output neurons of the cerebellar cortex — as larval zebrafish swam freely in depth. We achieved both bidirectional control (activation and ablation) of Purkinje cells while performing quantitative high-throughput assessment of posture and locomotion. Activation disrupted postural control in the pitch (nose-up/nose-down) axis. Similarly, ablations disrupted pitch-axis posture and fin-body coordination responsible for climbs. Postural disruption was more widespread in older larvae, offering a window into emergent roles for the developing cerebellum in the control of posture. Finally, we found that activity in Purkinje cells could individually and collectively encode tilt direction, a key feature of postural control neurons. Our findings delineate an expected role for the cerebellum in postural control and vestibular sensation in larval zebrafish, establishing the validity of TRPV1/capsaicin-mediated perturbations in a simple, genetically-tractable vertebrate. Moreover, by comparing the contributions of Purkinje cell ablations to posture in time, we uncover signatures of emerging cerebellar control of posture across early development. This work takes a major step towards understanding an ancestral role of the cerebellum in regulating postural maturation.

### Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Cerebellar Purkinje Cells Control Posture in Larval Zebrafish (Danio rerio)

화학유전학적-도구를-이용한-퍼킨제-세포의-자세-조절-기능-규명


화학유전학적 도구를 이용한 퍼킨제 세포의 자세 조절 기능 규명



청각 피질의 상위 영역에서 과제 관련 청각 범주 표현이 선택적으로 강화된다.


Categorical sensory representations are critical for many behaviors, including speech perception. In the auditory system, categorical information is thought to arise hierarchically, becoming increasingly prominent in higher order cortical regions. The neural mechanisms that support this robust and flexible computation remain poorly understood. Here, we studied sound representations in primary and non-primary auditory cortex while animals engaged in a challenging sound discrimination task. Population-level decoding of simultaneously recorded single neurons revealed that task engagement caused categorical sound representations to emerge in non-primary auditory cortex. In primary auditory cortex, task engagement caused a general enhancement of sound decoding that was not specific to task-relevant categories. These findings are consistent with mixed selectivity models of neural disentanglement, in which early sensory regions build an overcomplete representation of the world and allow neurons in downstream brain regions to flexibly and selectively read out behaviorally relevant, categorical information.

### Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Task-specific invariant representation in auditory cortex

청각-피질에서-과제-특정적-불변-표현


청각 피질에서 과제 특정적 불변 표현
