
Humans have a limited ability to control their destinies, as our agency is constrained by the inherent role of luck and the variable nature of our executive functions.


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It’s more of a factor than we acknowledge

The Luck Of The Draw

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The Role of Luck and Limited Agency in Shaping Our Destinies


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Taking breaks is essential for maintaining a peaceful mind, which can lead to effective problem-solving and a fulfillment of life's purpose.


Reset your mind and  the things going haywire.

TAKE A BREAK.

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The Importance of Taking Breaks for Mental Clarity and Problem-Solving



Our thoughts have a profound impact on our emotions and behaviors, and with self-awareness and practice, we can learn to better control and manage our thought patterns.


My Brain, And Maybe Yours, Is Like An Octopus

how-our-thoughts-shape-our-emotions-and-behaviors-insights-into-the-octopus-like-nature-of-the-human-brain


How Our Thoughts Shape Our Emotions and Behaviors: Insights into the Octopus-like Nature of the Human Brain



Effective organization and planning skills have profound effects on the human brain, enhancing cognitive functions, reducing stress, and improving overall mental well-being.


In today’s fast-paced world, the ability to plan and stay organized is more crucial than ever. Whether it’s managing work deadlines…

How Organization and Planning Affect the Human Brain

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The Cognitive and Neurological Benefits of Effective Organization and Planning



Jumping spiders (Phidippus regius), an asocial arthropod species, possess long-term memory and the ability to individuate conspecifics, challenging the notion that such cognitive capabilities are restricted to vertebrates with larger brains.


Individual recognition is conceptually complex and computationally intense, leading to the general assumption that this social knowledge is solely present in vertebrates with larger brains, while miniature-brained animals in differentiating societies eschew the evolutionary pressure for individual recognition by evolving computationally less demanding class-level recognition, such as kin, social rank, or mate recognition. Arguably, this social knowledge is restricted to species with a degree of sociality (sensu [[1][1]], for a review [[2][2]]). Here we show the exception to this rule in an asocial arthropod species, the jumping spider ( Phidippus regius ). Using a habituation - dishabituation paradigm, we visually confronted pairs of spatially separated spiders with each other and measured the ‘interest’ of one spider towards the other. The spiders exhibited high interest upon initial encounter of an individual, reflected in mutual approach behaviour, but adapted towards that individual when it reoccurred in the subsequent trial, indicated by their preference of staying farther apart. In contrast, spiders exhibited a rebound from habituation, reflected in mutual approach behaviour, when a different individual occurred in the subsequent trial, indicating the ability to tell apart spiders’ identities. These results suggest that P. regius is capable of individual recognition based on long-term social memory.

### Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

 [1]: #ref-1
 [2]: #ref-2

Individual recognition in a jumping spider (Phidippus regius)

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Jumping Spider (Phidippus regius) Exhibits Long-Term Individual Recognition Capabilities



人間の脳は、学習した任意の感覚間の連合を自発的に逆転させることができるが、サルの脳ではそうではない。


The emergence of symbolic thinking has been proposed as a dominant cognitive criterion to distinguish humans from other primates during hominization. Although the proper definition of a symbol has been the subject of much debate, one of its simplest features is bidirectional attachment: the content is accessible from the symbol, and vice versa. Behavioural observations scattered over the past four decades suggest that this criterion might not be met in non-human primates, as they fail to generalise an association learned in one temporal order (A to B) to the reverse order (B to A). Here, we designed an implicit fMRI test to investigate the neural mechanisms of arbitrary audio-visual and visual-visual pairing in monkeys and humans and probe their spontaneous reversibility. After learning a unidirectional association, humans showed surprise signals when this learned association was violated. Crucially, this effect occurred spontaneously in both learned and reversed directions, within an extended network of high-level brain areas, including, but also going beyond, the language network. In monkeys, by contrast, violations of association effects occurred solely in the learned direction and were largely confined to sensory areas. We propose that a human-specific brain network may have evolved the capacity for reversible symbolic reference.

### Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Brain areas for reversible symbolic reference, a potential singularity of the human brain

人間の脳における可逆的な象徴的参照の仕組み-人間の脳の潜在的な特異性


人間の脳における可逆的な象徴的参照の仕組み - 人間の脳の潜在的な特異性



Developing simple daily habits can significantly enhance one's intelligence and cognitive performance.


Have you ever done one of those online IQ tests or intelligence tests?

Ten simple habits that quickly raise your intelligence

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Proven Habits to Enhance Your Intelligence and Cognitive Abilities



Avoiding excessive entertainment consumption, exercising regularly, and practicing active listening can improve mental acuity and overall intelligence.


I made this article not to say that I’m smart but to highlight my significant improvement.

3 Habits I Didn’t Realize Make Me Smarter

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How Avoiding Binge-Watching, Exercising, and Staying Quiet Can Make You Smarter



Sleep, particularly REM sleep and the hypnagogic state, can enhance creative problem-solving by facilitating the formation of novel connections between distantly related concepts.


A deep dive into the science of sleep and how to harness dream creativity to solve real world problems.

Creativity and why we should sleep on it

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The Science of Sleep: Harnessing Dream Creativity to Solve Real-World Problems



Bumblebees rely on image matching and associative learning, rather than means-end understanding, to solve string-pulling tasks.


Bumblebees ( Bombus terrestris ) have been shown to engage in string-pulling behavior to access rewards. The objective of this study was to elucidate whether bumblebees display a means-end comprehension in string-pulling task. We presented bumblebees with tasks involving choosing between two options: one where a string is connected to an artificial flower containing a reward and the other involving interrupted strings. Surprisingly, bumblebees displayed a consistent preference for pulling connected strings over interrupted ones after training with a stepwise pulling technique. Intriguingly, when exposed to novel string colors, bees continued to exhibit a bias towards pulling the connected string. This suggests that bumblebees engage in featural generalization of the visual display of the string connected to the flower in this task. When the bumblebees were confronted with coiled connected strings during the testing phase, they failed to identify and reject interrupted strings. This finding underscores the significance of visual consistency in enabling the bumblebees to perform the task successfully. Our results suggest that bumblebees to distinguish between continuous strings and interrupted strings relies on a combination of image matching and associative learning, rather than means-end understanding. These insights contribute to a deeper understanding of the cognitive processes employed by bumblebees when tackling complex spatial tasks.

### Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Does bumblebee preference of continuous over interrupted strings in string-pulling tasks indicate means-end comprehension?

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Bumblebees Rely on Image Matching Rather Than Means-End Comprehension in String-Pulling Tasks
