
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) function declines with aging, and this decline is more pronounced in males compared to females, especially in specific brain regions like the lateral prefrontal cortex, parietal cortex, and temporal lobes.


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The blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays a pivotal role in protecting the central nervous system (CNS), shielding it from potential harmful entities. A natural decline of BBB function with aging has been reported in both animal and human studies, which may contribute to cognitive decline and neurodegenerative disorders. Limited data also suggest that being female may be associated with protective effects on BBB function. Here we investigated age and sex-dependent trajectories of perfusion and BBB water exchange rate (kw) across the lifespan in 186 cognitively normal participants spanning the ages of 8 to 92 years old, using a novel non-invasive diffusion prepared pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling (DP-pCASL) MRI technique. We found that the pattern of BBB kw decline with aging varies across brain regions. Moreover, results from our novel DP-pCASL technique revealed a remarkable decline in BBB kw beginning in the early 60s, which was more pronounced in males. In addition, we observed sex differences in parietotemporal and hippocampal regions. Our findings provide in vivo results demonstrating sex differences in the decline of BBB function with aging, which may serve as a foundation for future investigations into perfusion and BBB function in neurodegenerative and other brain disorders.

Significance statement The blood-brain barrier (BBB) serves as a critical protection mechanism for the CNS. A natural decline of BBB function with aging has been reported in both animal and human studies, with possible differences in BBB function by sex. Using our novel MRI technique, DP-pCASL that measures water exchange rate (kw) without contrast in 186 participants from diverse race and age groups, we identified age and sex-specific patterns in BBB kw especially in parietotemporal and hippocampal regions. We observed of a decline in kw beginning in the early 60s, especially in males. Our study unveils the dynamic spatiotemporal pattern of kw differences with age and sex, which serve as a foundation for understanding aberrations of BBB function in neurodegenerative and other brain disorders.

### Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Age-Related Decline in BBB Function is More Pronounced in Males than Females

age-related-decline-in-blood-brain-barrier-function-is-more-pronounced-in-males-than-females


Age-Related Decline in Blood-Brain Barrier Function is More Pronounced in Males than Females
