
The ice surface consists of a complex mixture of hexagonal (Ih) and cubic (Ic) stacking nanodomains, which undergo gradual disordering and premelting at temperatures above 120 Kelvin, originating from defective boundaries between the Ih and Ic regions.


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Atomic-resolution imaging of the surface structure of hexagonal water ice is achieved using cryogenic atomic force microscopy, providing a molecular perspective on the origin and mechanism of of ice premelting.

Imaging surface structure and premelting of ice Ih with atomic resolution - Nature

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Atomic-Resolution Imaging Reveals Intricate Surface Structure and Premelting Dynamics of Hexagonal Ice
