개인-정보-보호를-위한-확률-양자화기의-설계

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design-of-stochastic-quantizers-for-privacy-preservation-in-networked-control-systems

분산-정책-기울기를-이용한-제한된-통신-범위를-갖는-선형-이차-네트워크-제어

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Extant cartilaginous fishes share trabecular and areolar mineralization patterns in their endoskeletons, but lack the tesseral and bone-like tissues found in some elasmobranchs. Chimaeras also display skeletal paedomorphism compared to elasmobranchs.


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A comprehensive study is lacking that clearly defines and directly compares the diverse mineralized endoskeletal tissues exhibited by extant chondrichthyans (elasmobranchs, such as sharks and skates, and holocephalans, such as chimaeras). Tiles of mineralized polygonal structures called tesserae occur at cartilage surfaces in chondrichthyans, but recent studies showing trabecular structures suggest that tesserae are not as common as previously thought. A specific region of tesserae termed cap zone and continuous (not tiled) mineralized elasmobranch neural arches demonstrate bone-like tissues. Areolar mineralized tissue in elasmobranchs is generally considered a unique chondrichthyan feature. Despite these reports, it remains unclear what mineralized endoskeletal features define extant chondrichthyans. To address this question, adult skeletal tissues in two elasmobranchs (little skate and small-spotted catshark) and a chimaera (spotted ratfish) were characterized using synchrotron radiation and desktop micro-CT imaging, and histological and immunofluorescent assays. Data from these extant chondrichthyan representatives suggested that trabecular and areolar mineralization, but not tesserae and bone-like tissues, are shared features of the extant chondrichthyan endoskeleton. Interestingly, three separate analyses argued that the chimaera endoskeleton retains ancestral embryonic features (i.e., paedomorphic). This study further proposes general terminology for character states of the extant chondrichthyan endoskeleton and infers those states in ancestral chondrichthyans.

Raw data from microCT projections and quantitative measurements have been deposited at Dryad (DOI: 10.5061/dryad.crjdfn3b9) and can be accessed at <https://datadryad.org/stash/share/gnKH8kfRoKdHRE9rFGDausGzBZ1VTuCK3DB5gRPkrnp>

Extant cartilaginous fishes share trabecular and areolar mineralization patterns, but not tesserae, and evidence for a paedomorphic chimaera skeleton

comparative-analysis-of-mineralized-endoskeletal-tissues-in-extant-cartilaginous-fishes-reveals-shared-trabecular-and-areolar-patterns-but-absence-of-tesseral-and-bone-like-features-in-chimaeras


Comparative Analysis of Mineralized Endoskeletal Tissues in Extant Cartilaginous Fishes Reveals Shared Trabecular and Areolar Patterns but Absence of Tesseral and Bone-like Features in Chimaeras


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Mineralized endoskeletal tissues in extant cartilaginous fishes