
Bilateral lesions of mMAN in Bengalese finches lead to increased variability in song syntax, highlighting the role of recurrent inputs in shaping the syntactical structure of adult birdsongs.


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Complex motor skills like speech and dance are composed of ordered sequences of simpler elements, but the neuronal basis for syntactic ordering of individual actions into sequences is poorly understood. Birdsong is a learned vocal behavior composed of syntactically ordered sequences of individual syllables. Activity in song premotor nucleus HVC (proper name) has been linked to the control of syllable sequencing, but sequencing may also be affected by its recurrent inputs. We here test the contribution of one of HVC’s inputs, mMAN ( medial magnocellular nucleus of the anterior nidopallium ), to the variable songs of adult male Bengalese finches ( Lonchura striata domestica ). The syntax of Bengalese song includes several patterns: 1) chunks , where syllables follow stereotypical order 2) branch points , where a given syllable can be followed by two or more different syllables in a probabilistic manner and 3) repeat phrases , where an individual syllable is repeated a variable number of times. We found that after bilateral lesions of mMAN, the acoustic structure of syllables remained largely intact, but sequencing became more variable for each of these patterns, seen by ‘breaks’ in previously stereotyped chunks, increased uncertainty at branch points and increased variability of repeat numbers. This increase in sequencing variability highlights the potential importance of regions projecting to HVC in the ordering of vocal elements. Previous studies on zebra finches found little effect of mMAN lesions on their relatively stereotyped adult song. In contrast, our results suggest that mMAN contributes to sequencing the variable songs of Bengalese finches and highlight the utility of species with more complex song syntax in investigating neuronal control of ordered motor sequences.

### Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Lesions in Bengalese Finch Song Syntax